2. MARINE FISHES WHY ARE THEY SO IMPORTANT TO HUMANS?

3. SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA  IN PHYLUM CHORDATA  NOTOCHORD = SPINAL COLUMN  DORSAL HOLLOW NERVE CORD = SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN  POST ANAL TAIL  GILL POUCHES = GILLS OR LUNGS

4. FISHES  MAKE UP OVER HALF OF ALL VERTEBRATES  3 CLASSES: AGNATHA, CHONDRICHTHYES, OSTEICHTHYES  HOW DO SOME FISH SURVIVE IN BELOW FREEZING CONDITIONS? (227)

5. AGNATHA (JAWLESS FISH)  MOST PRIMATIVE  CARTILAGENOUS SKELETON  FEED BY SUCTION AND EXTENDING A DENTAL PLATE WITH TEETH LIKE STRUCTURES  LACK PAIRED FINS AND SCALES  EEL LIKE

6. HAGFISH  MOSTLY SCAVENGERS SOME FEED ON LIVE PREY (DENTAL PLATE)  FEED ON DEAD OR DYING FISH  MAY EAT FROM INSIDE OUT  BOTTOM DWELLERS (LIVE IN BURROWS)  PRODUCE SLIME THAT SUFFICAT PREDATORS  MONECIOUS OR DIECIOUS  EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION

8. LAMPREYS  BREED IN RIVERS AND LAKES BUT SOME MOVE TO SEA AS ADULTS  LARVA MAY LIVE IN BURROWS FOR 3- 7 YEARS BEFORE METAMORPHOSIS INTO ADULT FORM  ATTACH TO FISH AND SUCK THEIR FLUIDS WITH DISK SHAPED MOUTH WITH TOOTH LIKE STRUCTURES

10. CHONDRICHTHYES (CARTILAGENOUS FISH)  SHARKS, SKATES, RAYS, CHIMERAS, RATFISH  SKELETON OF CARTILAGE  VENTRAL MOUTHS  DERMAL DENTICLES  CALLED LIVING FOSSILS

11. SHARK CHARACTERISTICS  PECTORAL FINS (BERNOLI’S PRINCIPLE) AND OILY LIVER FOR LIFT  GILLS NOT PROTECTED (GILL SLITS)  CONTINUE TO SWIM FOR OXYGEN AND LIFT (NURSE SHARKS EXCEPTION)  SOME HAVE HETEROCERCAL CAUDAL FIN FOR LIFT

12. OTHER SHARK CARACTERISTICS  NICTITATING MEMBRANE OVER EYE  ACUTE OLFACTORY SENSES DUE TO 2/3 OF CELLS IN BRAIN ARE USED FOR PROCESSING SMELLS  LATERAL LINE SYSTEM (TUBES THE LENGTH OF BODY WITH NEUROMAST CELLS THAT DETECT MOVEMENT)  AMPULLAE OF LORENZINI (DETECT ELECTRICAL CURRENTS)

13. DIGESTION  TAKES CHUNKS OF PREY, NO CHEWING  SPIRAL VALVE AIDS IN DIGESTION BY ADDING SURFACE AREA

14. OSMOREGULATION  RETAIN UREA TO MAINTAIN SOLUTE CONCENTRATION EQUAL OR GREATER THAN SEA WATER  RECTAL GLAND AND GILLS GET RID OF EXCESS SALT  SOME SHARKS CAN GO INTO RIVERS

15. REPRODUCTION  CLASPERS INSERT INTO CLOACA FOR INTERNAL FERTILIZATION  SHARKS MAY BE:  OVIPAROUS (LAY EGGS; MERMAIDS PURSE)  VIVIPAROUS (LIVE YOUNG)  OVOVIVIPAROUS (INTERNAL EGGS AND LIVE BIRTH)

16. LARGEST FISHES  WHALE SHARK (60 FT)  BASKING SHARK (50 FT)  BOTH ARE FILTER FEEDERS

17. RAYS VS. SKATES  FLAT BODIED, BOTTOM DWELLERS (DEMERSAL)  GILL SLITS ON VENTRAL SIDE OF BODY  WING-LIKE PECTORAL FINS  STINGRAYS HAVE STINGING BARB AT BASE OF TAIL  ELECTRIC RAYS = UP TO 220 VOLTS WITH ORGANS ON HEAD  SKATES DON’T HAVE WHIP TAIL OR STING, AND HAVE WAVE-LIKE MOTION WITH PECTORAL FINS INSTEAD OF FLAPPING

19. RATFISH AND CHIMARAS  HAVE SKIN OVER GILLS LIKE AN OPERCULUM  TAKE WATER THROUGH NOSTRILS AND OUT OF GILLS

20. OSTEICHTHYES (BONY FISH)  MOST FISH ARE BONY (98%); HALF OF ALL VERTEBRATES  BONY SKELETON  CYCLOID (ROUND) SCALES  OPERCULUM (GILL COVER)  TERMINAL MOUTHS  SWIM BLADDER (PRESSURE AND LIFT)  MANUVERABLE FINS

22. SUBCLASS SARCOPTERYGII (LOBE-FINNED FISHES)  LUNG FISH (HAVE PRIMATIVE LUNGS INSTEAD OF SWIM BLADDER)  COELACANTHS (THOUGHT TO HAVE BEEN EXTINCT UNTIL DISCOVERED OFF THE COAST OF MADAGASCAR)  COELACANTHS ARE THOUGHT TO BE A LINK BETWEEN FISH AND AMPHIBIANS BECAUSE OF THEIR LOBE FINS (HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES)

25. SUBCLASS ACTINOPTERYGII (RAY FINNED FISH)  HAVE RAY FINS AND COMPRISE ALL FISH OTHER THAN LUNG FISH AND COELACANTHS  CONTAIN A SWIM BLADDER  MOST DIVERSE AND NUMEROUS SUBCLASS OF FISH

27. BODY SHAPE  DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE HABITAT THE FISH LIVES IN  FAST FISH ARE HYDRODYNAMIC (FUSIFORM BODY SHAPE; TUNA AND MARLIN)

28. BODY SHAPE  REEF FISH ARE BUILT TO TURN AND MANUVER (LATERALLY COMPRESSED LIKE BUTTERFLY FISH AND TANG)  FLAT FISH ARE BUILT FOR BOTTOM DWELLING (FLOUNDER)  SOME FISH ARE SHAPED FOR CAMO. (STONE FISH, PIPE FISH)

29. COST OF TRANSPORT  FRICTIONAL DRAG (CAUSED BY SURFACE OF FISH)  FORM DRAG (CAUSED BY DIAMETER OF FISH)  TURBULANCE (CAUSED BY MOVEMENT THROUGH WATER)  THE LESS FISH HAVE OF THE ABOVE FACTORS = LESS ENERGY USED

30. ASPECT RATIO  (CAUDAL FIN HEIGHT/FIN AREA) 2  CAUDAL FIN = TAIL FIN  HIGHER THE RATIO THE FASTER THE FASTER THE FISH  FASTEST TO SLOWEST: FORKED, LUNATE, HETEROCERCAL, TRUNCATE, ROUNDED  LIST 2 FISH PER FIN.

31. LOCOMOTION  IDEAL BODY FOR SPEED IS A FISH WHOS LENGTH IS 4.5 TIMES GREATER THAN ITS DIAMETER  LOW COST OF TRANSORT COMBINED WITH HIGH ASPECT RATIO = FAST  “S” WRIGGLE IS BASIC FISH MOTION  IT IS ACHIEVED MYOMERES (W SHAPED MUSCLES THAT YOU LIKE TO EAT)

32. FISH FINS  ANAL, DORSAL, PELVIC, AND PECTORAL ARE TYPICALLY USED FOR STABILITY  CAUDAL FINS ARE USED FOR THRUST  RAYS AND SKATES USE PECTORAL FOR TRUST; SEA HORSES USE THEIR DORSAL FINS  REEF FISH TYPICALLY ONLY MOVE THEIR FINS TO MOVE NOT MYOMERES

34. PHYSOCLIST VS. PHYSOSTOMOUS SWIM BLADDER  PHYSOCLIST SWIM BLADDER RECEIVES GASES FROM THE BLOOD  PHYSOSTOMOUS SWIM BLADDER RECEIVES GASES FROM A CONECTIVE TUBE THAT RUNS FROM THE MOUTH TO THE BLADDER

35. COLORATION  CHROMATOPHORES ARE COLOR CELLS (SACKS OF PIGMENT)  IRIDOPHORES REFLECT LIGHT (CRYSTALS INSIDE)  CAUSE FISH TO LOOK SHINY  COLORS ADVERTISE REPRODUCTION, DANGER, BAD TASTE (POSTER COLORS)  REEF FISH HAVE CRYPTIC COLORATION  OPEN WATER FISH = OBLITERATIVE COUNTER SHADING

36. FEEDING  MAKE A LIST OF VARIOUS TYPES OF FISH AND THEIR FEEDING METHODS.  WHAT IS FILTER FEEDING?  WHAT ARE GILL RAKERS AND HOW ARE THEY USED?  WHAT DOES MOUTH POSITION HAVE TO DO WITH THE TYPE OF FOOD EATEN BY FISH?

37. SCHOOLING  ABOUT 4000 SPECIES SCHOOL AS ADULTS  KEEP A CONSISTENT DISTANCE USING LATERAL LINE  LATERAL LINE IS A SERIES OF FLUID FILLED PITS THAT SENSE PRESSURE CHAGES IN THE WATER  WHY DO FISH SCHOOL?

38. REPRODUCTION  CARTILAGENOUS FISH HAVE INTERNAL FERTILIZATION: CLASPERS ARE INSERTED INTO FEMAL CLOACA  CLOACA IS A COMMON OPENING FOR WASTE AND REPRODUCTION  SPAWNING IS A FISHES FERTILE TIME  SEX HORMONES READY THE GAMETES AND FISH FOR SPAWNING

39. HERMAPHRODITISM  SOME ARE HERMAPHRODITES  SOME HAVE SEX REVERSAL TRIGGERED BY HORMONES TURNED ON BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, LIKE LOSS OF DOMINANT MALE OR MATURITY TO A CERTAIN AGE OR SIZE

40. QUESTIONS  NAME AND DESCRIBE FIVE DIFFERENT REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES OF BONY FISH (PG 244- 246)

41. MIGRATION  RELATED TO FEEDING AND REPRODUCTION  ANADROMOUS = FRESH (BREEDING) AND SALT (MOST OF LIFE) ; SALMON  CATADROMOUS = SALT (BREEDING) FRESH (MOST OF LIFE); EEL

42. QUESTIONS  HOW DO THEY NAVIGATE IN THE OCEAN?  DESCRIBE THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE SALMON.  DESCRIBE THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE EEL. COMPARE THE AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN EELS.