1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Overview: Transforming the World Seeds changed the course of plant evolution, enabling their bearers to become the dominant producers in most terrestrial ecosystems A seed consists of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat Naked seed vs protected seed

2. Fig. 30-1

3. Fig. 30-UN1 Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms

4. Fig. 30-4 Archaeopteris, a progymnosperm

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Phylum Cycadophyta Individuals have large cones and palmlike leaves These thrived during the Mesozoic, but relatively few species exist today

6. Fig. 30-5a Cycas revoluta

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Phylum Ginkgophyta This phylum consists of a single living species, Ginkgo biloba It has a high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree Ginkgos are in this group because they have no seed coat but have a protective scale

8. Fig. 30-5b Ginkgo biloba pollen-producing tree

9. Fig. 30-5c Ginkgo biloba leaves and fleshy seeds

10. Fig. 30-5d Gnetum

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Phylum Gnetophyta This phylum comprises three genera Species vary in appearance, and some are tropical whereas others live in deserts

12. Fig. 30-5f Welwitschia

13. Fig. 30-5g Welwitschia Ovulate cones

14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Phylum Coniferophyta This phylum is by far the largest of the gymnosperm phyla Most conifers are evergreens and can carry out photosynthesis year round

15. Fig. 30-5h Douglas fir

16. Fig. 30-5k Sequoia

17. Fig. 30-2c Reduced (usually microscopic), dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition Dominant Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) Gymnosperm Angiosperm Microscopic female gametophytes (n) inside ovulate cone Microscopic male gametophytes (n) inside pollen cone Sporophyte (2n) Microscopic female gametophytes (n) inside these parts of flowers Microscopic male gametophytes (n) inside these parts of flowers Example Gametophyte Sporophyte

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Concept 30.3: The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include flowers and fruits Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits They are the most widespread and diverse of all plants

19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Characteristics of Angiosperms All angiosperms are classified in a single phylum, Anthophyta The name comes from the Greek anthos, flower

20. Fig. 30-13d Southern magnolia

21. Fig. 30-13f

22. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Flowers The flower is an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction Many species are pollinated by insects or animals, while some species are wind- pollinated

23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves: – Petals, which are brightly colored and attract pollinators – Sepals, which enclose the flower – Pistil/Carpels female structure which produce ovules – style-tube, stigma –sticky, ovary – organ for reproduction, ovule- inside contains seed – Stamens male structure which produce pollen on their anthers- contains sperm = pollen, these are held up by filaments

24. Fig. 30-7 Carpel Ovule Sepal Petal Stigma Style Ovary Stamen Anther Filament

25. Toxic : Amarylis, Flamingo Lily, Arum Lilies, Calla Lilies, Autumn Crocus, Azaleas, Bird of Paradise, Bittersweet, Black-eyed Susan, Bleeding Heart, Bluebell, Burning Bush, Buttercup,, Chrysanthemum, Clivia, Cobra Lily, Common vetch, Corncockle, Corn Poppy, Crocus, Daffodil, Jonquil, Daphne, Delphinium, Flame Lily, Fly honeysuckle, Foxglove, Holly Berry, Horse Chestnut, Hyancinth, Hydrangea, Iceland Poppy, Iris, Ivy, Jack-in-the-Pulpit, Larkspur, Lenten Rose, Leopard Lily, Lily-of-the-valley, Lily family, Lobelia, Lupins, Marsh Marigold, Mistletoe, Morning Glory, Narcissus, Night Blooming Jasmine, Oak, Oleander, Opium Poppy, Oriental Poppy, Peace Lily, Peruvian Lily, Philodendron, Snowdrop, Scarlet Pimpernel, Star of Bethlehem, St.Johns Wort, Sweet Pea, Sun Flower, Tobacco Plant, Tulip, Virginia Creeper, Weeping Fig, Wisteria. LOW TOXICITY: African violet, Busy Lizzie, Chinese Lantern, Clematis, Fuchsia, Grape Hyacinth, Honesty, Mahonia, Poinsettia.

26. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sexual Reproduction of seed plants Inside the ovary, produce megaspores which form eggs which give rise to female gametophytes Inside the anther, produce microspores which form sperm (pollen) that give rise to male gametophytes

27. Fig. 30-3-1 Megasporangium (2n) Megaspore (n) (a) Unfertilized ovule Integument Spore wall Immature female cone

28. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Angiosperm Life Cycle The flower of the sporophyte is composed of both male and female structures The female gametophyte, or embryo sac, develops within an ovule contained within an ovary (megasporangia)at the base of a stigma where the pollen is received The Male gametophytes are contained within pollen grains produced by the structure in (microsporangia) anthers Most flowers have mechanisms to ensure cross- pollination between flowers from different plants of the same species

29. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 30-7 Carpel Ovule Sepal Petal Stigma Style Ovary Stamen Anther Filament

30. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Pollination is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules A pollen grain that has landed on a stigma germinates and the pollen tube of the male gametophyte grows down to the ovary Double fertilization occurs when the pollen tube discharges two sperm that moves down the style toward the ovary/ovule The ovule is entered by a pore called the micropyle

31. Fig. 30-3-2 Male gametophyte (within a germinated pollen grain) (n) Female gametophyte (n) (b) Fertilized ovule Micropyle Pollen grain (n) Spore wall Discharged sperm nucleus (n) Egg nucleus (n)

32. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of food-storing endosperm The endosperm nourishes the developing embryo. The zygote toughens to form a seed coat. The ovary wall will become a fruit.

33. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Evolutionary Advantage of Seeds A seed develops from the whole ovule A seed is a sporophyte embryo, along with its food supply, packaged in a protective coat Seeds provide some evolutionary advantages over spores: – They may remain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable for germination – Germination wet seeds hormones washed away grow when they break dormancy – They may be transported long distances by wind or animals

34. Fig. 30-3-3 Seed coat (derived from integument) (c) Gymnosperm seed Embryo (2n) (new sporophyte) Food supply (female gametophyte tissue) (n)

35. Fig. 30-3-4 Seed coat (derived from integument) (c) Gymnosperm seed Embryo (2n) (new sporophyte) Food supply (female gametophyte tissue) (n) (b) Fertilized ovule(a) Unfertilized ovule Integument Immature female cone Spore wall Megasporangium (2n) Male gametophyte (within a germinated pollen grain) (n) Megaspore (n) MicropylePollen grain (n) Egg nucleus (n) Discharged sperm nucleus (n) Female gametophyte (n)

36. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fruits/Roots/Leaves Within a seed, the embryo consists of a root and seed leaves called cotyledons A fruit typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal Mature fruits can be either fleshy or dry Animation: Fruit Development Animation: Fruit Development

37. Fig. 30-8 Hazelnut Ruby grapefruit Tomato Nectarine Milkweed

38. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Various fruit adaptations help disperse seeds Seeds can be carried by wind, water, or animals to new locations

39. Fig. 30-9 Barbs Seeds within berries Wings

40. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Video: Flowering Plant Life Cycle (time lapse) Video: Flowering Plant Life Cycle (time lapse) Animation: Seed Development Animation: Seed Development Animation: Plant Fertilization Animation: Plant Fertilization

41. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

42. Fig. 30-13b Water lily

43. Fig. 30-13c Star anise

44. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Monocots More than one-quarter of angiosperm species are monocots

45. Fig. 30-13e Orchid

46. Fig. 30-13e1 Pygmy date palm (Phoenix roebelenii)

47. Fig. 30-13g Anther Barley Stigma Ovary Filament

48. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Eudicots More than two-thirds of angiosperm species are eudicots

49. Fig. 30-13h California poppy

50. Fig. 30-13i Pyrenean oak

51. Fig. 30-13j Dog rose

52. Fig. 30-13k Snow pea

53. Fig. 30-13l Zucchini flowers

54. Fig. 30-13m Monocot Characteristics Eudicot Characteristics Vascular tissue usually arranged in ring Veins usually parallel Veins usually netlike Vascular tissue scattered Leaf venation One cotyledon Embryos Two cotyledons Stems Roots Pollen Root system usually fibrous (no main root) Pollen grain with three openings Taproot (main root) usually present Pollen grain with one opening Floral organs usually in multiples of three Flowers Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five

55. Fig. 30-13n Monocot Characteristics Eudicot Characteristics Vascular tissue usually arranged in ring Veins usually parallel Vascular tissue scattered Leaf venation One cotyledon Embryos Two cotyledons Stems Veins usually netlike

56. Fig. 30-13o Roots Pollen Root system usually fibrous (no main root) Pollen grain with three openings Pollen grain with one opening Floral organs usually in multiples of three Flowers Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five Monocot Characteristics Eudicot Characteristics Taproot (main root) usually present

57. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Products from Seed Plants Most of our food comes from angiosperms Six crops (wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes) yield 80% of the calories consumed by humans Modern crops are products of relatively recent genetic change resulting from artificial selection Many seed plants provide wood Secondary compounds of seed plants are used in medicines

58. Table 30-1a