1. Isomers

2. Dihedral Angles
Each angle of rotation defines a particular dihedral angle, Θ, corresponding to the angle between the C-X and C-Y bonds in the Newman projection.

3. FIGURE 6.5: PLOT OF ENERGY VERSUS DIHEDRAL ANGLE FOR CONFORMATIONS OF ETHANE.
Fig. 6-5, p. 188

5. ACTIVE FIGURE 6.7: PLOT OF ENERGY VERSUS DIHEDRAL ANGLE FOR CONFORMATIONS OF BUTANE.
Fig. 6-7, p. 191

6. FIGURE 6.8: CYCLOPROPANE. (A) BOND ANGLES, (B) ANGLE STRAIN, AND (C) TORSIONAL STRAIN.

7. FIGURE 6.9: CYCLOBUTANE.
Fig. 6-9, p. 196

9. Total Ring Strain (kcal/mol) Torsional Strain (kcal/mol)
Ring Size
Total Ring Strain (kcal/mol)
Torsional Strain (kcal/mol)
Angle Strain (kcal/mol) 3
27.6 6
20.7 4
26.4 8
18.4 5
6.5 7
6.3
9.6 9
12.6

10. Cyclohexane Chair Flip

11. isopropylcyclohexane 2.61 86.0 1.1 98.9
Compound
Energy Differential
Equilibrium Constant
Percent Axial
Percent Equatorial
Cyclohexane 1 50
methylcyclohexane
1.74
19.5
4.9
95.1
Ethylcyclohexane
1.79
21.2
4.5
95.5
propylcyclohexane
2.21
43.4
2.3
97.7
isopropylcyclohexane
2.61
86.0
1.1
98.9
tert-butylcyclohexane
5.5
11,916
0.01
99.99

12. Degrees of Unsaturation (DU) or Index of Hydrogen Deficiency (IHD)