1. STAR TEST INFORMATION Physiology +

2. ECOLOGY Population Growth Changes in size of population (N) due to: 1. Births (b) 2. Deaths (d) 3. Immigration (I) = inward movement 4. Emigration (E) = outward movement ∆N = (b – d) + (I – E)

3. Population Growth Curves Exponential Growth

4. Human Population Growth

5. Human Influences Biodiversity Sum total of the variety of life on Earth. One of the greatest natural resources we have. Organisms provide us with: 1. Food2. Shelter 3. Clothing4. Industrial products 5. Medicines Helps to maintain balance in ecosystems.

6. Human Influences Introduction of Non-native Species People have accidentally, or on purpose, introduced plants & animals into parts of the world where they are not native. These organisms can sometimes survive and reproduce rapidly becoming big problems in their new homes. They are called invasive species. Can cause the native species to go extinct

7. Human Influences Climate Change Human input of CO 2 and other gases it leading to an increased greenhouse effect, causing the average of the planet to warm up. Can lead to following problems: 1. Sea level rising & flooding of cities 2. Droughts & loss of agricultural products 3. Extinction of organisms

8. GENETICS Heterozygote Advantage Lethal genes can be maintained in the gene pool (all genes of population) if they are recessive. Example: Tay-Sachs Disease (deadly) Normal mom & dad = Tt X Tt 3/4s of children will have dominant phenotype; ¼ will have Tay-Sachs & die

9. PHYSIOLOGY Homeostasis Internal environment of human body remains relatively stable despite change in outside environment: Major body systems: a) provide cells with oxygen & nutrients b) remove toxic wastes such as CO 2

10. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Delivers nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc.) to the circulatory system Digestion occurs in mouth, stomach, small intestine. Absorption of nutrients occurs in small intestine. Absorption of water occurs in large intestine Wastes (feces) eliminated through rectum.

11. Human Digestive System

12. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Moves oxygen: a) from air via nose and mouth b) to the alveoli of the lungs c) to the circulatory system Moves carbon dioxide: a) from circulatory system b) to the alveoli of the lungs c) out the nose and mouth

13. Human Respiratory System

14. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Glucose and oxygen move: a) from capillaries into cells of body where cell respiration happens During cellular respiration: a) glucose is oxidized into CO 2 & H 2 O b) energy is released as ATP CO 2 is returned to capillaries and moves back to lungs to be exhaled

15. Human Circulatory System

18. EXCRETORY SYSTEM Proteins are broken down to amino acids in the digestive system a) Amino acids must be deaminated (remove N to produce ammonia) b) Ammonia is a toxic product c) It is converted to water-soluble urea (liquid waste) in the liver. d) Urea is excreted from body by the kidneys

19. Human Excretory System

20. Human Kidney and Nephron

21. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM System of glands that release special chemicals called hormones. a) Hormones are chemicals that travel throughout the blood to special target cells or tissues where they will have a certain effect. b) Examples: Pancreas, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, ovaries, and testes

23. Endocrine Glands Pancreas Concentration of sugar in blood is monitored constantly a) Sugar can be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles as a reserve b) When needed the glycogen can be broken down to sugar to increase the blood sugar level back up to normal c) The hormone insulin is released in order to maintain proper blood sugar levels d) Regulated as a feedback loop

24. Other Glands & Hormones Pituitary Gland (Master gland) releases: a) Growth Hormone - controls height b) Follicle-stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone - control gonads, reproductive organs. c) Thyroid stimulating hormone controls the thyroid gland

25. Feedback Loops Thermostat senses temperature change and switches off heating system Thermostat senses temperature change and switches on heating system Room temperature decreasesRoom temperature increases Increase in a substance, or condition, “feeds back” to inhibit the process that produced the substance, or response, in the first place.

26. Feedback Loops When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas releases the hormone glucagon which causes glycogen to be broken down into glucose which raises blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels are high, insulin is released which helps turn glucose into glycogen which gets stored in the liver.

27. NERVOUS SYSTEM We respond to environment through: a)Sense organs and other receptors such as touch, taste, smell, sound, vision b) The basic units of the nervous system are neurons, special nerve cells designed to transmit nerve impulses. c) Nerve impulses involve and electrochemical transmission known as an action potential. Involves concentration gradient of sodium and potassium ions, movement of both ions, and a change in charge over membranes.

28. Human Nervous System

29. NEURONS The parts of a neuron are: a)Dendrites – receiving parts b)Cell bodies – where nucleus is locate c)Axons – sends information to other areas Reflex arc is composed of: a)Sensory neurons – receive sense info b)Interneurons – send to other places c)Motor neurons – send response back

30. Neuron

32. IMMUNE SYSTEM Protects us against infection and disease: a)The skin is a non-specific defense system Cuts in skin allow microorganisms to enter b) Antibodies are special proteins that can respond to antigens (substances which are foreign to the body). Antibodies can inactivate pathogens (disease causing organisms) c) White blood cells can then destroy the pathogens

33. Antibodies connected to antigens

34. VACCINATIONS Used to stimulate immunity in people to prevent the development of particular diseases: Vaccines contain: a)weakened or killed pathogens b)Antigens in mixture prompt body to generate antibodies c)Years later, when exposed to antigen, your body will remember having seen it and can quickly generate antibodies to fight off the infection

35. Bacteria versus Viruses I. Viruses a)Contain genetic material but have no ribosomes; incapable of metabolic life b) Cannot reproduce outside of a living cell c) Can be benign (harmless) or harmful. II. Bacteria a)Organisms with full cellular structure b) Can be benign or harmful c) Antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial infections but not effective against viruses

36. Bacterium

37. Different types of viruses

38. HIV & AIDS Virus I. HIV a)Human immunodeficiency virus b) Cause of AIDS II. AIDS a)Acquired immunodeficiency disease b) Diagnosed when the immune system has been seriously damaged by HIV c) Leads to destruction of the immune system d) People cannot fight off relatively minor infections