1. Carbon Compounds

2. Organic Compound?
In Biology, the word organic means “relating to organisms.”
All organic compounds contain covalently bound carbon.
Organic compounds can also be synthesized in the lab.

3. The Chemistry of Carbon
Carbon atoms have four valence (outer shell) electrons, allowing carbon to form covalent bonds with many elements including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen.

4. The Chemistry of Carbon Cont.
Carbon can also bond to other carbon atoms, which gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length.
These carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple.
The chains may be straight, branched, or even ring-shaped.
Therefore, carbon is unique in that it can form millions of different large and complex structures.

5. Macromolecules
They are giant molecules which are made from many smaller molecules.
They are formed by a process known as polymerization, in which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together.
The smaller units, or monomers, join to form polymers

6. Carbohydrates - Sugars
Main source of energy for organisms
Can also be used for structural purposes
Made of C, H, and O; usually in a 1:2:1 ratio
The monomers of carbohydrates are called monosaccharides, like glucose, fructose (in fruits) and galactose (in milk).
The breakdown of monosaccharides supplies immediate energy.
Usually end in –ose.
Extra sugar is stored as macromoleucles called polysaccharides.
Polysaccharides are made from monosaccharides.

7. How Polysaccharides Are Used
Many animals store extra sugar as glycogen.
Glycogen stored in your muscle supplies energy for contractions.
Glycogen stored in your liver is released when glucose in your blood runs low.
Plants store excess sugar as starch.
Plants also make cellulose, a strong, rigid fiber used for support.

8. Lipids Ex: fats, oils, waxes
Uses: long-term energy storage, insulation, waterproof covering, part of biological membranes, chemical messengers (steroids)
contain mostly carbon and hydrogen
Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with a fatty acid.
If all carbon atoms have only single bonds, the lipid is saturated.
If there is at least one double bond between carbon atoms, the lipid is unsaturated.
Unsaturated lipids like cooking oils tend to be liquid at room temperature.

9. Nucleic Acids Store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information
Contain hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus
Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.
Nucleotides consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
Examples are DNA and RNA

10. Proteins Contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The monomers of proteins are amino acids.
Proteins provide structural support in bones and muscles.
They form parts of cell membranes and function as hormones to regulate the body.
They form antibodies to protect against infection.
Some proteins also control the rate of chemical reactions.

11. Proteins Cont.
When the amino acids join, they form a polymer called a polypeptide. The monomers are held together by peptide bonds.
More than 20 different amino acids are found in nature.
Since the R-group varies, it allows for much variety. That is why proteins have so many functions.

12. Levels of Organization For Proteins
This allows for the unique shape of proteins.
Shape is very important; if a protein is not the right shape, it will not work.