1. Cases C-401 to 403/12 and C-404 to 405/12: No review of legality in light of the Aarhus Convention Dr. Mariolina Eliantonio, LL.M. Prof. Chris Backes Maastricht University

2. Article 9(3) Aarhus Convention … each Party shall ensure that, where they meet the criteria, if any, laid down in its national law, members of the public have access to administrative or judicial procedures to challenge acts and omissions by private persons and public authorities which contravene provisions of its national law relating to the environment

3. Articles 10(1) & 2(1)(g) Aarhus Regulation The non-governmental organisations which [fulfill certain requirements provided by in the Regulation] to make a request for internal review to the EU institution or body that has adopted an administrative act under environmental law or, in case of an alleged administrative omission, should have adopted such an act. Administrative act is a measure of individual scope taken by an EU institution.

4. Postponment of deadline for attaining certain air quality targets Commission Decision (agreeing with NL request) Request for internal review Commision Decision is NOT an administrative act

5. Ruling of the General Court Commission Decision is a decision of general scope… … but Article 10(1) of the Aarhus Regulation is in violation of Article 9(3) of the Aarhus Convention

6. Primary law International agreements Secondary law … if the provisions of the agreement are unconditional and sufficiently precise … if the measure was intended to implement a particular obligation stemming from the agreement (Nakajima)

7. Aarhus Regulation meant to transpose Aarhus Convention Aarhus Regulation reviewable against Aarhus Convention Aarhus Regulation in violation of Aarhus Convention ECJ =

8. Primary law International agreements Secondary law … if the provisions of the agreement are unconditional and sufficiently precise … if the measure was intended to implement a particular obligation stemming from the agreement (Nakajima) Only applicable in special circumstances (i.e. WTO) In this case: - No direct reference to Aarhus Convention - Margin of discretion in defining ‘administrative procedures’

9. Primary law International agreements Secondary law … if the provisions of the agreement are unconditional and sufficiently precise Art. 9(3) no direct effect because need for implementing measures The compatibility of Aarhus Regulation cannot be checked by the Court of Justice

10. …already known since Brown Bear Nakajima exception interpreted very narrowly EU transposition of Aarhus Convention cannot be checked by European Courts What about indirect effect? (cf. Brown Bear) Why did the Court not talk about it? It is even possible? Art. 9(3) does not have direct effect Cf. Art. 3(5) TEU: aim of the EU is to contribute ‘to the strict observance and the development of international law’ Art. 9(3) ‘all acts and omissions relating to the environment’ vs. Aarhus Regulation ‘measure of individual scope’ Regulations by definition excluded Decisions address to MS also excluded Violation of Art. 9(3) by the EU is evident

11. Challenge vs decision on inadmissibility of internal review Admissible (act addressed to applicant)… … but decision will only concern admissibility of request Direct challenge vs Commission Decision Regulatory act so no need to prove individual concern … but lack of direct concern Remaining possibilities? The Court of Justice is very vigorous when it comes to access to justice at national law (Trianel, Edwards…) Intervention of Compliance Committee is necessary (scheduled to discuss this point on 1 July 2015) Practice what you preach?

12. Thank you for your attention! Every comment, question, suggestion or remark is welcome at m.eliantonio@maastrichtuniversity.nl