1. The Incredible Incas: Children of the Sun

2. Who Were the Incas? The Incas were a small tribe of South American Indians who established Cuzco, Peru, high in the Andes Mountains as their capital. Around 1400 CE, a neighboring tribe attacked the Incas, but the Incas won. Thus beginning the Inca Empire. In 100 years, the Inca Empire grew and expanded into modern countries of Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina.

3. Inca Government Strong central government. Everybody worked for the state, and in turn the state looked after everybody. Sapa Inca: The head of government was the Inca, sometimes called the “Sapa Inca” (“the Only Inca”). The Sapa Inca was all- powerful. Everything belonged to the Sapa Inca. He ruled his people by putting his relatives in positions of power. Since punishment was harsh and swift, almost no one broke the law Sapa Inca: The head of government was the Inca, sometimes called the “Sapa Inca” (“the Only Inca”). The Sapa Inca was all- powerful. Everything belonged to the Sapa Inca. He ruled his people by putting his relatives in positions of power. Since punishment was harsh and swift, almost no one broke the law.

4. Common People Had No Freedom The Incas were very class conscious and were divided into nobles and common people. The nobles: privileges little responsibilities Common people: tightly controlled by the government. Commoners could not own or run businesses. They could only do their assigned jobs. Even the amount of time they had to sleep and bathe was controlled by a government official.

5. Service Tax Local officials kept an detailed census. A census is an official count of all the people in an area and how they each make a living. Each common person was listed in the census. Each person listed had to pay a tax. The Incas loved gold and silver, but they had no use for money. The people paid their tax each year in physical labor—serving in the army, working in the mines, or building roads, temples, and palaces.

6. Harsh Government Controls Laws dictated who should work where, and when. Local officials had the power to make all decisions about the lives of the people they ruled. Inspectors visited frequently to check on things. Breaking the law usually meant the death penalty. Few people broke the law. Tight government controls kept the common people fed, clothed, and enslaved.

7. Government Questions 1.What was the service tax? 2.Who decided how much service tax was due? 3.Who was the head of Inca government? 4.What freedoms did the common people enjoy?

8. Geography Another thing that helped the Inca Empire grow so rapidly was its geography. The empire had three main geographical regions: Each was a natural barrier. The Incas made their home between the jungle and the desert, high in the Andes Mountains of South America. 1. The Andes Mountains 2. The Amazon jungle 3. The coastal desert

9. Andes Mountains The snow-capped Andes Mountains run north to south. They have sharp ragged peaks and deep gorges. The Incas built bridges across the gorges so they could reach all parts of their empire quickly and easily. If an enemy approached, the Incas could burn the bridges. They made suspension bridges from rope, pontoon bridges from reed boats, and pulley baskets from vines.

10. Inca Roads High in the Andes Mountains, the Incas connected their empire with 14,000 miles of well-built roads. Some sections of road were over 24 feet wide. Some were even paved. Some roads were so steep that the Incas built stone walls along the edge to prevent people from falling off the cliff. The roads belonged to the government. No one could travel the roads without special permission.