1. Roads & Bridges

2. Aqueducts

3. Dark Ages  Fall of Roman empire (450 AD)  Contact between Rome and Britain ended  Roman roads, bridges & aqueducts died  Societies depended less on slaves  England (250 people per watermill)  Early applications  Corn milling, beer making, forge hammers and bellows  Later applications  water lifting & irrigation, saw mills, lathe drives, wire drawing

4. Dark Ages (continued)  Wind Power (1100 AD)  Post Mill (Normandy, 1180 AD)  Tower Mill (1300 AD)  Netherlands (1500 AD)  Agriculture  Horse collar  Nailed iron horseshoes  heavy wheeled plough and harrow

5. Dark Ages (continued)  Textiles  Rope driven spinning wheel  Weaving technologies (1300 AD)  Universities founded (Italy, 1200 AD)  Start of a period of higher learning  Beginning of engineering discipline ?

6. THE THIRD AGE The First Machine Age

7.  Timekeeping  Optics  Crank  Print

8. Timekeeping

9. Chronology  Gnomon (Egypt, 1500 BC)  Obelisk  Sundial  Waterclock  Sandglass  Mechanical / Pendulum  Electronic

10. Gnomon

11. Sundial / Obelisk  Problems with Gnomon  Thin short rod  Did not work at different latitudes  length and direction of shadow varied  Exact position of sun’s center  Placed perpendicular to ground  needs to be perpendicular with axis of rotation

12. Waterclocks & Sandglasses  Reset periodically  Environment dependence  Variations with age  Inaccurate

13. Vitruvius (150 BC)

14. Schott

15. Cingalese

16. Sand-glass

17. Mechanical Clock  Regulating device  Creates oscillations  Needs energy to stop from running down  weight or spring (watch)  Distribution mechanism  Supplies energy in correct amount and at correct time  Holds energy and allows energy to escape at the correct time - escapement  Indexing & Gearing  Translates time to space

18. Hero of Alexandria

19. Verge & Foliot

20. Anchor Escapement

21. Standard Weight Clock