1. Effects of global climate change are already visible http://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/pages/glaciers. html

2. Fig 54.14 Carbon cycle

3. 370

4. ~500 m people ~300 m people ~2.5 b people Relative contributions to Global Warming

5. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;319/5862/424

6. World Primary Energy Supply 2004 http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/sustainability/

7. U.S. Energy use in 2005 http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/sustainability/

8. Research money spent on alternative energy http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/sustainability/

9. ~28% of U.S. energy is used in transportation http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transportation.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transportation.html U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 26-2007.

10. In 2005, there were almost 239 million vehicles (cars, buses, and trucks) in the United States. http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transportation.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transportation.html U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 26-2007.

11. http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transportation.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transportation.html U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 26-2007. Vehicle Energy Use

12. Automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, and buses drove nearly 3.0 trillion miles in 2005. That’s almost 1/12 th the distance to the nearest (non-sun) star. It’s like driving to the sun and back 13,440 times. Transportation fuel use http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transport ation.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transport ation.html U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 26-2007.

13. Much of our Alternative Energy Research is in Biofuels

14. Biofuel production http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/sustainability/

15. Fermentation: break down sugar to ethanol

16. http://www.iogen.ca/images/m1 _fuel_cycle2.jpg

17. Fig 37.4 Water and minerals move up from the ground in xylem, which has the most cellulose.

18. water transport limits plant growth

19. Fig 36.28+.29 Most of wood is xylem, and wood has lots of cellulose

20. Nature Biotechnology 20, 557 - 558 (2002) Wood also has lignin,and lignin removal is necessary for cellulose processing

21. xylem Xylem is tough, and full of lignin- inhibits the ability to use plants to produce biofuels

22. xylem Research is ongoing to produce woody and non-woody plants with decreased lignin to improve the efficiency of biofuel production

23. Much of our Alternative Energy Research is in Biofuels

24. Human resource production and use Worldwide Grain Production per Person http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

25. World Grain Stocks as Days of Consumption http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

26. ~60 percent of the world grain harvest is consumed as food, ~36 percent as feed, and ~3 percent as fuel. While the use of grain for food and feed grows by roughly 1 percent per year, that used for fuel is growing by over 20 percent per year. http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

28. Corn prices late 1999 – Nov 2008 http://futures.tradingcharts.c om/

29. Corn prices Oct 2007-Nov 2008 http://futures.tradingcharts.c om/

30. Increasing oil prices drive up potential profit, and cost of food crops Cost of oil----Profitable cost of corn for ethanol $50 ---- $4/bushel $100 ---- $7/bushel $140 ---- $10/bushel Summer 2008 corn price: ~$8/bushel Current March '09 corn price: ~$3.50/bushel http://www.farmdoc.uiuc.edu/manage/newsletters/fefo07_11/fefo07_11.html http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm http://www.agriculture.com

31. Whereas previous dramatic rises in world grain prices were weather-induced, this one is policy-induced and can be dealt with by policy adjustments. If the entire U.S. grain harvest were converted into ethanol, it would satisfy scarcely 18 percent of our automotive fuel needs. http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

32. The human consequences of climate change