1. RNA, DNA, & Proteins Chapter 12 Review

2. Main enzyme involved in linking nucleotides into DNA molecules during replication DNA polymerase Another name for protein synthesis translation Sugar used to make DNA dexoyribose

3. Process of making a DNA copy replication Nitrogen base with 1 ring such as cytosine and thymine pyrimidine Organism whose cells have a nucleus eukaryote

4. Process in which the genetic code of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA transcription Three sequential nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that code for a specific amino acid codon Organism without a nucleus prokaryote

5. Nitrogen base with 2 rings like adenine and guanine Purine Subunit composed of a sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group used to make DNA and RNA nucleotide Principle that hydrogen bonds can only form between certain nitrogen bases Base pairing

6. Process in which one strain of bacteria is genetically changed by receiving DNA from another transformation Series of genes that controls development and differentiation in the developing embryo Hox genes

7. Coiled DNA and proteins that are spread out in the nucleus of non- dividing cells chromatin Group of three nucleotide bases on a t-RNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon anticodon

8. Tightly packed DNA and proteins that are “scrunched up” into rod-shaped bundles in dividing cells chromosomes Expressed sequence of DNA that codes for a protein exon Process of making proteins from an RNA message Translation (protein synthesis)

9. Type of RNA that carries DNA code from the nucleus out to the cytoplasm Messenger RNA Segment of DNA that codes for a protein gene Region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription promoter

10. Protein molecule around which DNA is wrapped to form a nucleosome in chromatin histone Bonds between nitrogen bases that hold the 2 DNA strands together Hydrogen bonds Bead-like structures that form when DNA wraps around histones nucleosome

11. Type of RNA that matches its anticodon and attaches the correct amino acid to the growing protein chain during protein synthesis Transfer RNA Structures found in the cytoplasm made of rRNA and proteins where protein synthesis happens Ribosomes

12. Type of RNA that combines with proteins to make ribosomes Ribosomal RNA Sugar found in RNA molecules ribose Group of genes in a prokaryote that operate together operon

13. Region of DNA near the promoter where repressor proteins bind and turn genes off operator Enzyme that binds to DNA, separates the strands, and assembles nucleotide subunits into an RNA molecule RNA polymerase

14. Protein that binds to the operator site and stops RNA polymerase from binding and transcribing a gene repressor Process of changing into different kinds of cells with different functions differentiation

15. Macromolecule made by joining nucleotide subunits together Nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) Virus that infects bacteria bacteriophage Another name for a protein chain polypeptide

16. Macromolecule made by joining amino acid subunits together protein Regulatory region with the sequence TATATA or TATAAA found in many types of organisms which helps position RNA polymerase TATA box

17. Sequence of DNA that is NOT involved in coding for a protein which is cut out of the m-RNA molecule before it is read by the ribosomes intron

18. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklinhttp://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html Name the woman scientist whose X-ray images of DNA helped James Watson and Francis Crick figure out the structure of DNA ROSALYN FRANKLIN

19. Tell 2 ways DNA is different from RNA DNA RNA Double strandedSingle stranded Deoxyribose sugarRibose sugar A,T,C,GA,U,C,G No UracilNo thymine Contains genetic codeCarries code from Stays in nucleus nucleus to cytoplasm Helps with protein synthesis

20. Making a DNA copy= _____________ Using DNA code to make an RNA = ___________________ Using an RNA message to make a protein = _______________ replication translation transcription

21. A genetic change in a cell due to DNA received from another cell= ____________________. TRANSFORMATION

22. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklinhttp://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html Name the two scientists received the Nobel prize for figuring out the structure of DNA JAMES WATSON & FRANCIS CRICK

23. Oswald Avery repeated Griffith’s mice-pneumonia experiment but used enzymes to destroy different kinds of molecules before injecting them into the mice. Which molecule was necessary for transformation to occur? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Avery DNA

24. Name the scientist who repeated Griffith’s mice-pneumonia experiment but used enzymes to destroy different kinds of molecules and showed that DNA was the molecule that caused transformation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Avery Oswald Avery

25. DNA → DNA= _____________ DNA → RNA = ___________________ RNA → protein = _______________ replication translation transcription

26. Name the two scientists whose bacteriophage-blender experiment helped show that DNA was the molecule that carried the genetic code http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Chase_&_Hershey_1953.jpg ALFRED HERSHEY & MARTHA CHASE

27. A virus that infects bacteria is called a _______________ http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mbi1440.htm BACTERIOPHAGE

28. Name this subunit used to build nucleic acids like DNA & RNA If this was going to make RNA what sugar would be used? Which nitrogen base could NOT be used? Image by: Riedell NUCLEOTIDE ribose THYMINE

29. Name this subunit used to build nucleic acids like DNA & RNA If this was going to make DNA what sugar would be used? Which nitrogen base could NOT be used? Image by: Riedell NUCLEOTIDE deoxyribose URACIL

30. Tell what nitrogen base these letters stand for _____________= A _____________ = G _____________ = C ______________ = T ______________ = U ADENINE GUANINE CYTOSINE THYMINE URACIL

31. Image from: http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/picts/dna.jpg Which molecules make up the backbone (sides of ladder) in a DNA molecule? Sugar and phosphates

32. Purines (2 rings) Pyrimidines (1 ring) A G C T Phosphate group Deoxyribose sugar Nitrogen bases with 1 ring are called ______________ © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

33. Purines A G Nitrogen bases with 2 rings are called ______________ © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

34. Pyrimidines C T Nitrogen bases with 1 ring are called ______________ © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

35. What is CHARGAFF’S RULE? A = T G = C Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif

36. Hydrogen Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif _____________ bonds between nitrogen bases hold the two strands together.

37. © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved How is the DNA in PROKARYOTES different from DNA in EUKARYOTES? PROKARYOTESEUKARYOTES Single chromosomeMany chromosomes Circular (loop)Rod-shaped bundles In cytoplasmin Nucleus (no nucleus)

38. Coils Histones © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved Which protein does DNA wrap around to form nucleosomes? HISTONES

39. Chromosome Supercoils Coils Nucleosome Histones DNA double helix © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved DNA that is spread out in the nucleus of non-dividing cells so the code can be read is called _______________ CHROMATIN

40. Chromosome Supercoils Coils Histones DNA double helix © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved What are the small bead-like bundles called that form when DNA scrunches into chromosomes? nucleosomes

41. Chromosome Supercoils Coils Nucleosome Histones DNA double helix © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved DNA that is condensed in the nucleus of dividing cells so it can be transported easily is called _______________ CHROMOSOMES

42. Growth Replication fork DNA polymerase New strand Original strand DNA polymerase Nitrogenous bases Replication fork Original strand New strand The sites where strand separation and replication occur are called _____________ replication forks

43. Name the 3 kinds of RNA _________________RNA contains the codon _________________RNA Contains the anti-codon and attaches to an amino acid _________________RNA Joins with proteins to make ribosomes rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved mRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif messenger transfer ribosomal

44. Name the 3 kinds of RNA _________________RNA Combines with proteins to form ribosomes _________________RNA Matches m-RNA codon to add correct amino acids during protein synthesis _________________RNA carries code from DNA to ribosomes rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved mRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif RIBOSOMAL TRANSFER MESSENGER

45. Name the 3 kinds of RNA _________________RNA rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved mRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif RIBOSOMAL TRANSFER MESSENGER

46. The specific DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds is called a _______________. Signals at the end of the gene code cause transcription to _____. PROMOTER http://images2.clinicaltools.com/images/gene/dna_versus_rna_reversed.jpg RNA POLYMERASE

47. The pieces of message that are edited out are called __________ Where does this editing happen? INTRONS Image by Riedell In nucleus

48. Name the pieces of message that are NOT edited out and are expressed __________ EXONS Image by Riedell

49. WHY WASTE IT? Why spend energy making a large RNA and then throw parts away? May allow same gene to be used in different ways in different kinds of cells. May have a role in evolution… allows small changes in genes to have a big effect.

50. Use the mRNA codon wheel to determine the amino acid being coded for: C C A =___________ C G U = __________ U U C = __________ G C A = __________ U A G = __________ proline arginine phenylalanine STOP alanine

51. _______________ are changes in the genetic material. MUTATIONS Mistakes in copying DNA Radiation Chemicals in environment Tell something that can cause mutations.

52. Mutations that produce changes in a single gene = ______________________ Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes = _____________________ KINDS OF MUTATIONS GENE MUTATIONS CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS

53. Mutations involving only one or a few nucleotides are called ________ mutations Explain why frameshift mutations at the beginning of a gene are more harmful than at the end. point Frameshifts cause everything after the mutation to shift and be misread so mutations at the beginning change more of the code.

54. Name this kind of mutation Changes one base for another A T T C G A G C T A T T C T A G C T → SUBSTITUTION

55. Tell the kind of mutation shown: deletion http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm

56. Tell the kind of mutation shown: SUBSTITUTION http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm A T T C G A G C T A T T C T A G C T →

57. Tell the kind of mutation shown: deletion http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm

58. A= _________ B= _________ C= _________ D= ___________ F= _____________ G = __________________ Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved NUCLEUS m-RNA amino acid ribosome t-RNA codon Amino acid

59. INSERTION Image from: http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm Tell the kind of mutation shown:

60. Mutation that causes the reading frame to shift and be misread. FRAMESHIFT MUTATION Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

61. Tell the kind of mutation shown: Segment flips and reads backwards Image from: http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm INVERSION

62. Tell the kind of mutation shown Segment breaks off and joins a different non- homologous chromosome Image from: http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm TRANSLOCATION

63. Condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes = _______________ 3N plants are called ____________ 4N plants are called ____________ POLYPLOIDY triploid tetraploid

64. What advantage does polyploidy give to some plants? What do you call a polyploid human? Makes them bigger and stronger Dead... Humans can’t survive with polyploidy!

65. Group of genes that operate together are called an ________________ OPERON http://www.life.uiuc.edu/bio100/lectures/s97lects/16GeneControl/lac_operon_ind.GIF

66. Name the regulatory regions upstream from promoters in eukaryotic cells that bind many different regulatory proteins Which sequence in eukaryotes helps position RNA POLYMERASE? TATA box Image by Riedell ENHANCER regions

67. The changing of a cell to become specialized with different functions is called ___________________ How does this happen? DIFFERENTIATION http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg Cells turn different genes on and off at different times

68. Tell what turns the lac operon off. Repressor sits on the operator blocking RNA polymerase from reading the code

69. When lactose is present, the repressor binds lactose instead of the operator What turns the lac operon ON? Image modified from: http://www.life.uiuc.edu/bio100/lectures/s97lects/16GeneControl/lac_operon_ind.GIF

70. In what kind of organisms would you find operons? Prokaryotes Eukaryotes What does the TATA box do? prokaryotes Help position RNA polymerase

71. In what kind of organisms would you find TATA boxes and enhancer regions? Prokaryotes Eukaryotes What is the function of hox genes? eukaryotes Control growth and differentiation in developing embryos