1. The Second War for Independence and Upsurge in Nationalism 1812-1824

2. Causes of the War of 1812 Cry of the “war hawks” over: Cry of the “war hawks” over: British arming of Indians British arming of Indians Impressment Impressment Orders in Council Orders in Council Search and seizure by British Search and seizure by British Confiscation of American cargos Confiscation of American cargos *Demonstration of viability of American nationhood/democracy *Demonstration of viability of American nationhood/democracy

3. Waging War Congress declares war June 1812 Congress declares war June 1812 Canada/Great Lakes Canada/Great Lakes –Oliver Hazard Perry –Thomas MacDonough Burning of Washington Burning of Washington –August 1814 –Battle of Bladensburg –Public buildings, Capitol, White House Fort McHenry (Baltimore) Fort McHenry (Baltimore) –Sept. 1814 –Star Spangled Banner

4. Battle of New Orleans Battle of New Orleans –Andrew Jackson  Becomes a national _________ –American victory  Shocking win: 2000-70  Win comes _____________________ –Outpouring of self- confidence and ______________ –Final ___________________

5. The Treaty of Ghent Ghent, Belgium Ghent, Belgium –Mediated by Tsar Alexander I of _________ –Talks go nowhere, become a stalemate British give in British give in –Dec 24, 1814 ___________________ Results: Results: –No mention of initial grievances –Return to the status quo –So who won?

6. Federalist Grievances at the Hartford Convention New England/ Federalist opposition to the war New England/ Federalist opposition to the war –Why were they so opposed to this war?  Opposition to Napoleon/_________  Potential annexation of Canada could mean __________________ –“Blue _______” Federalists, Talks of secession, separate peace with Britain Not an early 19 th century blue light.

8. Hartford Convention Hartford Convention –Federalist meeting –Declining power –Delegates from MA, RI, CT, NH, VT –Demands/Changes desired:  __________________ –Results: ___________________

9. Outcomes of the War 6,000 casualties 6,000 casualties Relatively insignificant globally Relatively insignificant globally But for the US: But for the US: –1) gained military prestige –2) Discredited sectionalism –3) Bolstering of nationalism –4) Death of Federalist party –5) Emergence of war heroes –6) Manufacturing strengthened Focus turns to the West/expansion Focus turns to the West/expansion

10. Emergence of Nationalism Literary recognition Literary recognition –Washington Irving - ___________________ –James Fenimore Cooper - _______________ –North American Review (1815) - __________ Expansion of the Bank of the U.S. Expansion of the Bank of the U.S. A rebuilt capital A rebuilt capital Naval confidence - Second Barbary War victory (1815) Naval confidence - Second Barbary War victory (1815) –Stephen Decatur Cooper Irving

11. The American System Manufacturing growth in U.S. occurred. Manufacturing growth in U.S. occurred. Britain’s surpluses Britain’s surpluses Tariff of 1816 Tariff of 1816 –First tariff designed primarily for ___________ –20 to 25 percent –Tone setting tariff How can we capitalize on this growth? How can we capitalize on this growth? Henry Clay Promoter of the American System

12. The American System The American System –The system had three main parts 1) Strong banking system for easy and abundant credit 2) High protective tariffs 3) Network of roads and canals (funded___) –Purpose: A plan to strengthen and unify the nation economically and politically. Stimulate manufacturing and trade. –Opposition:  Madison  New England

13. The Era of Good Feelings Election of 1816 Election of 1816 –James Monroe (Rep) –Rufus (…yes Rufus…) King (Fed) –Monroe wins, 183-34 Why the EGF? Why the EGF? –Nationalism is high –One political party –Relative prosperity early Or was it an EGF? ______________________ Or was it an EGF? ______________________

14. Panic of 1819 and Hard Times 1 st financial panic since GW 1 st financial panic since GW –Deflation, depression, bankruptcies Major issue: Foreclosures on mortgages issued by western banks Major issue: Foreclosures on mortgages issued by western banks –Land speculating Debtors imprisoned Debtors imprisoned –State laws begin to ban this process Jacksonian Democracy is born Jacksonian Democracy is born –Poor suffered most

15. Growing Pains of the West 1791-1819, nine states added 1791-1819, nine states added Slavery/sectional balance effort Slavery/sectional balance effort Why such growth? Why such growth? –1) Cheap land (crush of the Indians by ___________ and ___________ opens land) –2) Exhausted eastern _____ –3) Advances in ___________  Highways (ex: Cumberland Road)  Steamboat/upstream travel –Robert Fulton’s Clermont, 1807

16. Land Act of 1820 Land Act of 1820 –Lowered price of land, ________an acre for a minimum of ____ acres –Spurred settlement of Northwest and Missouri territories

17. Slavery and the Sectional Balance Sectional tensions resume Sectional tensions resume Missouri's 1819 statehood petition Missouri's 1819 statehood petition –First ___________________ Tallmadge amendment Tallmadge amendment –Aimed at the “peculiar ____________” –Passed the House, defeated in senate Alarming to southerners Alarming to southerners – Why? _____________________

18. Missouri Compromise Henry Clay, “The Great Compromiser” Henry Clay, “The Great Compromiser” Components: Components: –Missouri enters as slave state –Maine enters as free state –No future slave north of 36° 30’ –Maintained balance at 12- 12. Election of 1820: Monroe takes all electoral votes but one that went to JQ Adams Election of 1820: Monroe takes all electoral votes but one that went to JQ Adams

19. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) –Maryland tries to tax a branch of the Bank of the U.S. –Marshall rules against Maryland –Ultimately affirmed the constitutionality of the bank citing “implied powers” (Hamilton) –Affirmation of loose construction for the benefit of the people

20. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) –NY state giving monopoly to interstate ferry service, shot down –Gave Congress sole power of control over interstate commerce

21. Cases limiting “democratic excess” Fletcher v. Peck (1810) Fletcher v. Peck (1810) –GA –Protected property rights against popular pressures –Asserted right of SC to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) –NH –Protected corporations (and contracts) from domination by state legislatures

22. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida

23. The Menace of Monarchy in America Suppression of democracy abroad Suppression of democracy abroad Birth of Latin American republics Birth of Latin American republics Fear of it’s spread into the Western Hemisphere Fear of it’s spread into the Western Hemisphere

24. The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 British approach U.S. for joint statement, Monroe does it, goes it alone British approach U.S. for joint statement, Monroe does it, goes it alone Will play major role in future foreign policy issues (much later) Will play major role in future foreign policy issues (much later) Two main features: Two main features: –1)non-colonization –2)non-interference To protect L.A. republics OR U.S. self-interest? To protect L.A. republics OR U.S. self-interest? Largely expression of post-war nationalism Largely expression of post-war nationalism

26. Chapter 13 The Rise of Mass Democracy 1824-1840

27. Introduction: So-called “Era of Good Feelings” So-called “Era of Good Feelings” –Panic of 1819 –Missouri Compromise Renewed sectionalism and renewed fervor of democracy Renewed sectionalism and renewed fervor of democracy 1824 JQA 1824 JQA 1828 – Democratic Party is born 1828 – Democratic Party is born 1830s – Whig Party 1830s – Whig Party