1. Population Ecology I— Population structure and distribution; life-history trade-offs and reproductive strategies Opening photo, Unit 2. Cain et al. (p. 153)

2. Unitary and modular organisms— What is an individual?

3. Fig. 9.1, Smith & Smith, 6 th ed. (p. 187) Examples of modular organisms— A quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) genet A shoal grass (Halodule beaudettei) genet

4. How might modularity affect population studies? All the trees in this photo are trembling aspens. How many individuals do you see here? Photo by Loraine Yeatts

5. How might modularity affect population studies? Apart from the dark green conifers, most of the trees in this photo are trembling aspens. How many individuals are there in this population? Photo by Loraine Yeatts

6. Fig. 9.2, Smith & Smith 6 th ed. (p. 188) An expanding population of a clonal plant— New ramets are initially physiologically dependent on the parental ramet, but later often become self-sufficient.

7. Fig. 9.2, Smith & Smith (5 th ed), p. 172 Fig. 9.3, Smith & Smith 6 th ed. (p. 188) Two examples of modularity in animals— Clones of (a) a coral and (b) a sponge

8. Distribution, Dispersion, and Age Structure

9. Fig. 50.27, Campbell & Reece, 6 th ed. (p. 1118) Most species have relatively small geographic ranges— as illustrated by (a) 1,370 spp of North American birds, and (b) 1,499 spp. of British vascular plants.

10. Fig. 9.4, Smith & Smith, 7 th ed. (p. 185) Geographic range of the red maple (Acer rubrum)

11. Fig. 9.5, Smith & Smith, 5 th ed. (p. 175) Geographic range and relative abundance of the Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus)

12. Fig. 9.3, Smith & Smith, 7 th ed. (p. 185) General representation of the dispersion of individuals in a population within its local distribution (or, range)

13. Distribution of the moss (Tetraphis pellucida) at several spatial scales Fig. 9.5, Smith & Smith 7 th ed. (p. 186)

14. Fig. 9.6, Smith & Smith (5 th ed), p. 176 Distribution of the horned lark (Eremophila alpestris) at several spatial scales— What factors might promote patchiness in distribution at each scale?

15. Distribution is partly a matter of dispersal— Human-assisted dispersal of kudzu (Pueraria montana) There’s a kudzu photo in your text (p. 196), but this one is more dramatic.

16. Boom-and-bust populations— Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), scourge of the Eastern deciduous forests of North America (Coming soon to a forest near you??) Fig. 1 (Ch. 9), Smith & Smith 6 th ed. (p. 201)

17. Boom-and-bust populations— Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), scourge of the Eastern deciduous forests of North America (Coming soon to a forest near you??)

18. Fig. 9.17, Smith & Smith 7 th ed. (p. 194) Boom-and-bust populations— Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), scourge of the Eastern deciduous forests of North America (Coming soon to a forest near you??) Temporal and spatial changes in population distribution of gypsy moth.

19. Fig. 9.8, Smith & Smith 6 th ed. (p. 191) Spatial dispersion of individuals within a population— What might promote a specific pattern in a particular species population?

20. Fig. 52.2, Campbell & Reece (6 th ed) Spatial dispersion of individuals within a population— What might promote a specific pattern in a particular species population?

21. An example of uniform dispersion— shrubs on the Kara Kum desert Fig. 9.9, Smith & Smith 6 th ed. (p. 192)

22. Clumped dispersion within a uniform dispersion— the shrub Euclea divinorum growing in the shelter of Acacia tortilis trees Fig. 9.10, Smith & Smith 6 th ed. (p. 192)

23. Fig. 52.1, Campbell & Reece, 6 th ed. (p. Why all the clumping?

24. Fig. 9.15, Smith & Smith 6 th ed. (p. 198) Age structure (and recruitment?) in an oak (Quercus) population in Sussex, England

25. Reproductive Strategies: Life-history trade-offs in patterns of reproduction Opening photo for Ch. 8 in Smith & Smith 7 th ed. (p. 158)

26. Precocity vs. delay— Precocious reproduction in dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Delayed reproduction in red oak (Quercus rubra) What ecological circumstances might favor each of these strategies?

27. Fig. 52.6, Campbell & Reece 7 th ed. (p. 1141) Semelparity vs. iteroparity— Agave (Agave sp.)— a semelparous plant Sugar maple (Acer saccharum)— an iteroparous plant What ecological circumstances might favor each of these strategies?

28. Fig. 7.11, Cain et al. (p. 162) Semelparity vs. iteroparity— Agave (Agave sp.)— a semelparous plant?

29. Fecundity vs. parental care— Fig. 52.8, Campbell & Reece 7 th ed. (p. 1142) b. Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera): Much lower fecundity, much greater parental investment in each embryo. What animal species have life- histories characterized by these strategies and the ones in the preceding slides? What ecological circumstances might favor each of these strategies? a. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale): High fecundity, little “parental care” per individual embryo.

30. Left: spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) Contrasting life history strategies in two salamander species with overlapping ranges Right: redback salamander (Plethodon cinereus) Fig. 8.17, Smith & Smith, 7 th ed (p. 176)

31. Fig. 7.15, Cain et al. (p. 165) Evidence for the trade-off between fecundity and parental care: Inverse relationship between mean seed weight and fecundity in a variety of herbaceous plants.

32. Fig. 8.12, Smith & Smith, 7 th ed (p. 170) Evidence for the trade-off between fecundity and parental care: Inverse relationship between mean seed weight and fecundity in goldenrod.

33. Fig. 52.7, Campbell & Reece 7 th ed. (p. 1142) The cost of reproduction in lesser black-backed gulls— Effects of experimental manipulation of brood size on survival of offspring Fig. 7.14, Cain et al. (p. 165)

34. Fig. 52.7, Campbell & Reece 7 th ed. (p. 1142) The cost of reproduction in European kestrels— Effects of experimental manipulation of brood size on survival of parents

35. Cost of reproduction in red deer on the island of Rhum in Scotland— Effects of reproduction on mortality of females Fig. 52.5, Campbell & Reece 6 th ed. (p. 1157)

36. Another way to look at the metabolic cost of reproduction— Relationship between fecundity and size of big-handed crabs in New Zealand Fig. 8.13, Smith & Smith, 7 th ed. (p. 171)

37. Another way to look at the metabolic cost of reproduction— Relationship between fecundity and size of European red squirrels Fig. 8.13, Smith & Smith, 7 th ed. (p. 171)

38. Using mark-recapture sampling to estimate animal populations— (or, How to determine populations of “uncooperative organisms”)

39. Imagine you are studying a particular species of fish, and there is a population of 10,000 of these fish living in a lake; so N = 10,000 individuals— but you don’t know this! You capture 250 of fish and mark them in some way so that you will know if you catch them again in the future; so M = 250 fish, and the proportion of marked individuals in the population is But you don’t know this, either!! Now imagine you allow those marked fish to mix in with the population again, and then you capture another batch. This time you catch 360 fish; so C = 360 fish. Based on the ratio of M to N (0.025), how many of those 360 individuals would you expect to be “recaptures”—i.e., fish that you marked in the first capture? Using mark-recapture sampling to estimate animal populations

40. where, N = population M = number of individuals marked in initial trapping C = number of individuals captured in census trapping R = number of marked individuals recaptured in census trapping Using mark-recapture sampling to estimate animal populations

41. After rearranging to solve for N, this becomes: Example: Imagine you capture and mark 150 fish in a lake. (This must be a random, representative sample.) You release them back into the lake, allowing enough time for them to remix with the population. You then trap another 220 fish, of which 25 are recaptures (i.e., marked from the initial trapping). What is your estimate of the total population of fish in the lake? Using mark-recapture sampling to estimate animal populations