1. FOSSIL FUELS IV Tar Sand and Oil Shale Alternate Oils

2. Tar Sands – Oil Sands Tar sands are sands or partly consolidated sandstone that contains a petroleum product called bitumen. Tar sands are sands or partly consolidated sandstone that contains a petroleum product called bitumen. Bitumen (asphalt) is a viscous form of petroleum that must be treated in order to convert it into a crude oil before it can be refined to produce gasoline and other products. Bitumen (asphalt) is a viscous form of petroleum that must be treated in order to convert it into a crude oil before it can be refined to produce gasoline and other products. (The stuff on roads is asphalt concrete) (The stuff on roads is asphalt concrete)

3. Oil sand occurs in more than 70 countries. Oil sand occurs in more than 70 countries. Largest deposits Largest deposits –Alberta, Canada –Orinoco, Venezuela –Russia Bulk is found in three regions of Alberta Bulk is found in three regions of Alberta Estimated Canadian oil sands exceeds conventional world reserves Estimated Canadian oil sands exceeds conventional world reserves

4. World Oil Reserves

5. World Oil Sands Reserves

6. Bitumen is about 10% - 12% of the actual oil sands found in Alberta. Bitumen is about 10% - 12% of the actual oil sands found in Alberta. Alberta’s proven reserves are estimated at 177 billion barrels. Alberta’s proven reserves are estimated at 177 billion barrels. This comparable to Saudi Arabia. This comparable to Saudi Arabia.

7. Oil Sand

8. World Oil Sands

9. Alberta Oil Sands

10. Surface Tar Sand Deposit

11. Surface Deposits 20% of the Alberta oil sands are surface deposits. 20% of the Alberta oil sands are surface deposits. Surface deposits are either exposed or covered by minimal overburden. Surface deposits are either exposed or covered by minimal overburden. In Alberta open-pit mining is used for extraction In Alberta open-pit mining is used for extraction Overburden is removed and oil sand scooped into 400 ton heavy hauler trucks. Overburden is removed and oil sand scooped into 400 ton heavy hauler trucks.

12. Surface Deposits Surface mining leaves toxic tailings ponds Surface mining leaves toxic tailings ponds –Acids, benzene, residual bitumen Land needs to be reclaimed after production ends. Land needs to be reclaimed after production ends. This is about 2.5% of the surface area involved in oil sand production. This is about 2.5% of the surface area involved in oil sand production.

13. Deep Tar Sand Extraction

14. Deep Deposits 80% of the Alberta & all Venezuelan oil sands are deep deposits. 80% of the Alberta & all Venezuelan oil sands are deep deposits. Alberta: 97.5% of oil sand surface area. Alberta: 97.5% of oil sand surface area. Oil must be produced by in-situ extraction. Oil must be produced by in-situ extraction. Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand (CHOPS). Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand (CHOPS). Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS). Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS). Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD). Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD).

15. Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand

16. Cyclic Steam Stimulation

17. Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage

18. Downside The first step of tar sand extraction is estimated to result in gasoline that carries a burden of "at least five times more carbon dioxide" than would conventional "sweet crude" oil production. The first step of tar sand extraction is estimated to result in gasoline that carries a burden of "at least five times more carbon dioxide" than would conventional "sweet crude" oil production. Large amounts of land need to be reclaimed after production ends. Large amounts of land need to be reclaimed after production ends. Large amount of water used Large amount of water used Surface mining SAGD Surface mining SAGD Surface miningSAGD Surface miningSAGD

19. Should production from oil sands be encouraged? A. Yes B. No

20. Keystone XL Pipeline Canada is largest oil importer to US Canada is largest oil importer to US > 1 MBbls/day > 1 MBbls/day Transported by railroad Transported by railroad –Canadian National –BNSF Keystone XL would transport 500,000 – 700,000 Bbls/day Keystone XL would transport 500,000 – 700,000 Bbls/day

21. Should Keystone XL pipeline be built? A. Yes B. No

22. Do you prefer oil transportation by pipeline or by rail/truck? A. Pipeline B. Rail/truck

23. Oil Shale Oil shale is a combination of the rock shale (very fine grained) and the solid petroleum product kerogen Oil shale is a combination of the rock shale (very fine grained) and the solid petroleum product kerogen When kerogen is heated to 800  F it breaks down into a liquid similar to crude oil. When kerogen is heated to 800  F it breaks down into a liquid similar to crude oil. Total world resources of oil shale are conservatively estimated at 2.6 trillion barrels. (unproven reserves) Total world resources of oil shale are conservatively estimated at 2.6 trillion barrels. (unproven reserves)

24. Good shale produces 25-35 gallons (0.6 barrels) of shale oil per ton of rock processed. Good shale produces 25-35 gallons (0.6 barrels) of shale oil per ton of rock processed. Even modest production requires processing a lot of rock. Even modest production requires processing a lot of rock. Estimates of 500-1,000 billion barrels in US alone. (More than Saudi Arabia). Estimates of 500-1,000 billion barrels in US alone. (More than Saudi Arabia).

26. Oil Shale Reserves in US

27. World Oil Sands Reserves

28. Shale Oil Pyrolysis

29. US Average Rainfall

30. Production requires a lot of people and water. Both are rare in the regions of the deposits. Production requires a lot of people and water. Both are rare in the regions of the deposits. What do you do with the left over rocks? What do you do with the left over rocks? Oi Shale Video Oi Shale Video Oi Shale Video Oi Shale Video

31. Should we develop oil shale deposits in the US? A. Yes B. No