1. Chapter 10-1 The Oceans

2. World Ocean – body of salt water covering much of the Earth’s surface Ocean – major body of salt water Sea – smaller body of salt water Gulf – body of salt water almost surrounded by a land mass and connected to an ocean Bay – smaller body of salt water surrounded by a land mass and connected to an ocean * 75% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water

3. Pacific Ocean *more than half the volume of the world’s ocean water *noted as the deepest and largest; averages 4.3 km deep Atlantic Ocean *second largest ocean; averages 3.3 km deep Indian Ocean *third largest ocean; averages 3.8 km deep

4. http://www.biosbcc.net/ocean/marinesci/01intro/woimg/oceans.jpg

5. Oceanography – study of the Earth’s oceans *Geography considers polar seas as oceans; for this book, oceanographers see them as extensions of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans

6. Chapter 10-2 Exploring the Oceans

7. Deep sea drilling Ocean floor composition Thousands of ocean floor samples from around the Earth Up to 4 miles deep into the seafloor bed http://www.oceansatlas.org/unatlas/about/research/other/i093.gif

8. SONAR – echo sounding system that bounces sound waves off the ocean floor * SOund Navigation And Ranging

9. http://www.ceresm.com/ceresm/sonar/sonar.gif

10. http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/maps/map/T041366A.gif

11. Satellite imaging http://www.gismonitor.com/images/20061027/e_46.jpg

12. submersible – underwater research vessel

13. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/abyss/frontier/im ages/trieste1.jpeg http://www.glencoe.com/sec/scienc e/earthscience/pow/images/bathys phere.gif http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/chan nel/titanic/images/dis_14.jpg Bathyscaph or Bathyscaphe Bathysphere Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) www.mtsmuv.org/commercial.htm Modern deep sea submersible

14. Tube worms have estimated lifespan of 300 + years Ecosystem depends on Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S) energy from the earth. http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9903/ 23/galapagosquest/vents.jpg http://www.extremescience.com/images/tubewor ms.gif

15. Chapter 10-3 Properties of the Oceans

16. Salinity – amount of dissolved salt in ocean water

17. Main ions (g/kg) at a salinity of 35 0 / 00 Sodium (Na+) 10.7596 Magnesium (Гg++) 1.2965 Calcium (Лэ++) 0.4119 Potassium ( +) 0.3991 Strontium (Sr++) 0.0078 Chlorine (Cl+) 19.3529 Sulphates (SO 4 --) 2.7124 Hydrocarbons (ХЛ‘ 3 -) 0.1412 Bromine (¬r- ) 0.0674 Fluorine (F-) 0.0013 Boric acid (Х 3 ¬‘ 3 ) 0.0255 http://www.oceansatlas.org/unatlas/about/physicalandchemicalproperties/backgroun d/seemore2.html

18. Thermocline – layer of ocean water in which the temperature drops sharply with depth

19. Desalination – process which removes salt from ocean water http://www.nrdc.org/onearth/04sum/images/saline_diagram.jpg

20. Chapter 10-7 Ocean sediments

21. Nodule – lump found on the ocean floor Ooze – ocean sediment that contains the remains of many ocean organisms http://www.isa.org.jm/images/nodules2.jpg www.jochemnet.de/fiu/OCB3043_24.html

22. Ocean sediment is made up of these things from nature eroded material from land mass – runoff remains of organisms dust and ash from volcanoes dust from space anything falling into the sea that sinks will settle on the bottom

23. Nodules are made up of these valuable elements: manganese (20%) iron (10%) copper (0.3%) nickel (0.3%) cobalt (0.3%) Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2003. © 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.