1. CIS 725 Lecture 2

2. Finite State Machine Model FSM = (A, S, T, s 0 ) A = set of actions S = set of states s 0 = initial states T = transition relation S * A  S

3. Communicating FSM send actions: -m or !m q ! m = send message m to q receive actions: +m or ? m q ? m = receive message from q internal actions

4. Protocol A collection of CFSMs

5. Asynchronous coupling Channels ch1 = channel from M to N ch2 = channel from N to M Global state: (q1, q2, x, y) q1 = state of M q2 = state of N x = messages in transit to M y = messages in transit to N

6. Protocol actions Each protocol action results in a change in the global state

10. Error states Deadlock states: - state from which no transition is enabled Unspecified reception: - a state in which a message exists in a channel but no transition is enabled in the state to receive it.

12. Meeting appointment !meeting waiting meeting ?OK - Initial state: studying - Send a message for meeting - May decide to cancel anytime studying

13. Two-process mutual exclusion: Token ring protocol - Single token circulates among two nodes - Node with the token can enter the critical section

14. Request-based Token ring protocol - To get the token, send a request to the other node

15. Request-based Token ring protocol no_token enter exit in_cs& req_recd token & req_recd ?req !token req_sent token ?token !req ?token !req in_cs enter exit in_cs enter exit

18. Programming language style notation Guarded actions en(a)  a en(a): guard of the action boolean condition or boolean condition + receive statement

19. Normal form init; do en(a 1 )  a 1 [] en(a 2 )  a 2 : od

20. Token-based system P1: hold = false; in_cs = false do ? token  hold = true [] hold /\ not in_cs  ! Token; hold =false [] hold  in_cs = true [] in_cs  in_cs = false od