1. Comparing the ICT industries of Silicon Valley and Route 128: What’s law got to do with it? Alex Timberman, Seol Sung-Soo Hannam University, Department of Economics

2. Introduction Silicon Valley’s ICT firms take up a quarter of Nasdaq’s 8.5 trillion dollar market cap Route 128 got a head start over Silicon Valley but has been surpassed since 1975 in ICT industries The question we are answering is what advantage does Silicon Valley have over Route 128?

3. Literature Review Saxenian (1996) emphasized horizontally networked firms and an open culture of moving around which gives SV an advantage in the ability to continuously learn and innovate. Kenney and Von Burg (1999) put the emphasis on technological path dependence; Silicon Valley took off from semiconductors and Route 128 from minicomputers. Gilson (1999) agreed with Saxenian but put emphasis on CNC law.

4. Legal Literature Review CNCs restrain the movement of the worker as long as an employer has a reasonable business interest and as long as the restraints are reasonable in scope, geography, and time (Restatements in Employment Law, 2011). In California, its legislature prohibits CNCs as a matter of public policy except when the worker has ownership interests in the firm he is absconding (Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 16600, 2009). This means workers are unrestrained from moving from firm to firm within California. That means knowledge spillover occurs when a worker hops around transferring tacit knowledge gained from a previous job to a new job

5. Legal Literature Review

6. Fallick, Fleischmann, Rebitzer (2005) using the U.S. labor data finds greater mobility of workers in the California computer industry. Marx et al. (2009) may add the greatest support using the U.S. patent database. Michigan had a similar CNC law to California but inadvertently reversed its policy in 1985 providing a perfect experiment to test the impact of CNC enforcement on mobility; the studies show mobility of inventors fell 8.1% and for “star” inventors fell 15.4% after Michigan’s law change.

7. Legal Literature Review

8. Our Analytical Framework Perspective Law and InnovationLaw and Economics Region Silicon ValleyRoute 128 CNC ProhibitionEnforcement Worker FreedomRestraint Human Capital Investment Highest BidderProtection Tendency Spillover > protecting IPSecret and IP Protection Industries Computer Services (proven) Biotechnology Software, Scientific Research Venture Capital Oil and Mining Low-tech Manufacturing Defense, Aerospace Banking and Insurance

9. SV and Route 128 Silicon ValleyRoute 128 San Jose982,765Essex County787,744 Sunnyvale146,197Middlesex County1,552,802 Santa Clara119,311Norfolk County687,802 Total Sum1,248,273Total Sum3,028,348

10. Comparison of the Computer Industry 31: 334 Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing 51: 511 Publishing industries (except Internet) 54: 5415 Computer Systems Design and Related Services 33411 Computer and Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing 511 Publishing Industries (except Internet) 541511 Custom Computer Programming Services 334112 Computer Storage Device Manufacturing 51111 Newspaper Publishers 541512 Computer Systems Design Services 334118 Computer Terminal and other Computer Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing 51112 Periodical Publishers 541513 Computer Facilities Management Services 3344 Semiconductor and Other Electronic Component Manufacturing 5112 Software Publishers541519 Other Computer Related Services

11. Employment

14. Firm Data Index CaliforniaMassachusetts BMBM NASDAQ No of firms69711610 Sum225119.9127.12.5 Mean32.60.287.90.25 NYSE No of firms22152 n/a Sum3856.53.1 Mean17.50.43n/a

15. Market Cap

16. IPOs CaliforniaMassachusetts NYSENASDAQNYSENASDAQ 1970-19750100 1976-19800100 1981-19852400 1986-19900900 1991-199501104 1996-200003304 2001-200511100 2006-201031205 2011-2015292324

17. The Law’s Role

18. Discussion Andew Ng oversees Baidu’s new R&D efforts and he said“Baidu is building a brand-new, $300 million research center in Sunny-vale, California and plans on filling many of the 200 employee slots from poached workers of Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Google” Time Magazine, October, 2014 He himself was poached from Google.

19. Discussion Samsung is also building a 1.1 million square feet research facility in San Jose. Why do ICT firms cluster there, despite the prohibition of CNCs? In Silicon Valley, firms encourage workers to network with competitors and learn so they can bring back value to the firm; likewise, workers expect to utilize their network and knowledge at firm A to possibly advance their careers in firm B (Hoffman, Casnocha, Yeh, 2014).

20. Conclusion The prohibition of CNCs may open up the culture of firms, aids clustering of firms and industries, and advances the spillover of knowledge by workers positioned like nodes in a system within an agglomeration of ICT firms. Asian policy planners should consider Silicon Valley’s legal foundation, especially for hi-tech districts.