2. LESSONS FROM PAST NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES PART V Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

3. The Kocaeli, Turkey Earthquake of August 17, 1999

4. EARTHQAKES ARE DYNAMIC LABORATORIES FOR LEARNING AND CATALYSTS FOR BUILDING CAPACITY FOR DISASTER-INTELLIGENT & DISASTER-RESILIENT COMMUNITES

5. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

6. M 7.4 3:02 am THOUSANDS OF AFTERSHOCKS, WHICH EXACERBATED EMERGENCY RESPONSE

7. OCCURRENCE

8. NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT (E-W TRENDING FAULT BELOW BLACK SEA )

9. NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT The North Anatolian fault is the most eminent tectonic feature of the region and one of the best known strike slip faults in the world. The North Anatolian fault is the most eminent tectonic feature of the region and one of the best known strike slip faults in the world. It is a 1,500-km- long, seismically active, right lateral strike-slip fault system extending from the Karliova triple junction in eastern Turkey to mainland Greece. It is a 1,500-km- long, seismically active, right lateral strike-slip fault system extending from the Karliova triple junction in eastern Turkey to mainland Greece.

10. REGIONAL TECTONICS  Earthquakes on the North Anatolian fault are caused by the northwards movement of the Arabian plate towards the Eurasian plate, squeezing the small Turkish micro-plate westwards in the process.

13. IMPACTS BUILDINGS

14. LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE  ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES  PREPAREDNESS PLANNING FOR THE INEVITABLE STRONG GROUND MOTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

15. TURKEY’S INVENTORY OF HUNDRES OF THOUSANDS OF SOFT-STOREY BUILDINGS WAS EXPOSED TO STRONG GROUND SHAKING.

16. THE TYPICAL SOFT-STOREY BUILDING IN TURKEY

17. LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE  ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES  PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

39. LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE  ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES  PREPAREDNESS PLANNING FOR THE INEVITABLE GROUND FAILURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

48. LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE  ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES  CAPACITY FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

55. LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE  ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES  CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

56. LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE  ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES  CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

57. THE PROBLEM: H undreds of thousands of soft-storey buildings having the same height and construction materials exist throughout Turkey. H undreds of thousands of soft-storey buildings having the same height and construction materials exist throughout Turkey.

58.  300,000 buildings damaged or collapsed  40,000 buildings housing business enterprise damaged or collapsed

59. Deaths: 18,000 Injured: 44,000

60. INFORMATION SOURCES Reports prepared independently and jointly by Turkish (Kandili Observatory), and American, and British Institutions, including: EERI, ASCE, USGS, Imperial College, and others.