1. Review for EUH3206 From the First World War to the beginning of WWII, 1914-1940.

2. First World War, 1914-1918 What was war about? Who belonged to the Central Power bloc and why? What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Allies? What kind of war was it? (Stalemate/trench warfare, Total War, etc.) What were the major turning points of the war (battles, alliances, etc.): Battle of Marne, Verdun, Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, etc. Who won the war and why? Role of industry, mobilization of masses, propaganda, etc.

3. Aftermath of war, 1919- Significance of Paris Peace Conference, 1919- 1920 (winners and losers, League of Nations, treaties, etc.) New Europe? What did it look like? What had changed? (Borders, new countries, new political systems, continuation of “old” politics…) What impact did the peace (Versailles, Trianon, etc.) and post-war (Locarno, etc.) treaties have on the political and diplomatic relations of European countries?

4. Russian Revolutions, 1917  Russia during WWI and in the post- war era:  Political/Social Background:  Types of political parties on the left: Marxists (Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, SRs, Anarchists)

5. Russian Revolutions, 1917-  Russian Revolution of March, 1917 – Provisional Government est., Soviets share power with new PG.  October, 1917 – Storming of the Winter Palace, beginning of Bolshevik-led revolution  Revolution and Civil War, 1918-1921  Opposing sides: Reds (Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, SRs, Anarchists) vs. Whites (monarchists, military, liberals, traditionalists)

6. Reasons for Bolshevik victory?  Party organization – “What is to be done?”  Cheka – created 1917  Propaganda (Agit-prop) -- Posters, lectures, etc.  Revolutionary Utopia: Winning over the people: ending the war, promising a new world…  Leadership (Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin).  Red Army -- Trotsky

7. Anti-liberal and anti-communists political/economic movements. Italy in the post-war era: rise of fascism (causes and consequences, 1919-1934); Who were the fascists? Major features of fascist doctrine. Germany in the post-war era: Weimar interlude. Achievements of Weimar Republic and political, economic, social circumstances which gave rise to extremist movements. Rise of Hitler and Nazi movement (ideological tenets of Nazism and popular appeal of movement.) Steps Hitler took to consolidate his power to 1935. Political consequences of Great Depression, 1929-1938?

8.   Was Appeasement a deliberate surrender to Hitler’s and Mussolini’s efforts to revise radically the post-war status quo in Europe? (Key terms to define: “appeasement”, and rival foreign policies, “collective security”. ) Facing the Dictators: Western democratic responses to Fascism/Communism

9.   Even less so than the democratic powers of France and Great Britain, none of the “totalitarian” regimes in the inter-war years (Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union) appeared willing to obey the conventions of international diplomacy as defined by bodies like the League of Nations. Why? “Renegade countries?”

10.   Summary of the major diplomatic events between 1936 and 1939 which contributed to Hitler’s decision to go to war over the Polish question.  Anschluss of 1938  Czech crisis of 1938  Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939  End of Appeasement: Anglo-Polish Agreement of March, 1939. Count-down to War

11. Second World War: First Stage Impact of Nazi-Soviet (Ribbentrop-Molotov) pact of 1939 (division of Eastern Europe, etc.) Outbreak of war: what were Hitler’s war aims in 1939? Fate of Poland? Allied response to invasion of Poland. Phoney War? Russo-Finnish war/Scandinavian interlude, 1939- 1940.

12. SWW: Stage 2 Western Offensive, May 1940. Fall of France and its impact. Battle for Britain: A turning point? U.S. involvement in war: “Destroyers for bases” and Lend-Lease Act of 1941.