1. Homework #4 1.What is the maximum resolution of your eyes (assume the wavelength range that your eyes are sensitive to is 300 – 700 nm and that your iris is ½ cm in diameter. 2.What size eye would be required to see in the radio with the same maximum resolution of your eyes? (use 21 cm for the wavelength of typical radio waves) 3.What is the maximum resolution of the VLBA (longest baseline = 5000 km) at a wavelength of 21 cm?

2. Blocking the Aperture

3. Interferometry Based on the idea of filling the aperture of a camera:

4. kbk

5. © 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley Interferometry Two (or more) telescopes observe the same object. Their signals are made to interfere with each other. An image is reconstructed with the angular resolution one would get from a dish the size of the distance between them. The light-collecting area is still only the sum of the areas of the individual dishes.

6. © 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley Green Bank Interferometer

7. The Very Large Array (VLA)

8. Traffic Jam, VLA Style

12. VLA Synthesized Aperture Synthesized aperture in a few minutes, as “seen” by the radio source Composed of 351 pairs of antennas

13. Synthesized Aperture—1 hour Synthesized aperture after 1 hr of Earth rotation Each pair “fills in” more of the aperture

14. Synthesized Aperture—10 hours Synthesized aperture after 10 hrs of Earth rotation Aperture is “filled in” Very high fidelity imaging

15. Radio Galaxy Cygnus A: Pre-VLA

16. Cygnus A Imaged by the VLA

17. Maunakea is the best place in the world for astronomical observations.. Clear nights usually above cloud coverClear nights usually above cloud cover Dry – low humidityDry – low humidity Stable wind patternsStable wind patterns Latitude allows view of northern and part of southern skiesLatitude allows view of northern and part of southern skies AccessibleAccessible

18. Maunakea (<1968 - before high school)

19. UH 24 inch (plus students)  Optical

20. 1970 - 2.2 meter telescope

21. UH 2.2 meter  Optical/Infrared

22. 1979 – 2 nd year of graduate school

23. IRTF  Infrared D = 3.0 m

24. CFHT D = 3.6 m  = Optical/Infrared

25. UKIRT D = 3.8 m = Infrared

26. 1987 – post-doctoral position

27. JCMT D = 15 m  Millimeter / Submm

28. Caltech Submillimeter Observatory D = 10.4 m  Infrared

30. 1992 – staff position in Europe

32. VLBA D = 25 m = cm

33. North Liberty, IA Ft. Davis, TX Los Alamos, NM Pie Town, NM Kitt Peak, AZ Owens Valley, CA Brewster, WA

34. 1996 – Yale position

35. Keck I & II D = 10 m (each)  Optical/Infrared

36. 1999 – UPR and Arecibo Obs.

37. Gemini D = 8 m  = Optical/IR

40. Gemini D = 8 m  = Optical/IR

41. Subaru  Optical/Infrared D = 8+ m

43. 2001 – UPR  IfA

44. SMA D = 6 m (each)  = Submillimeter

45. Maunakea today

46. Optical and Infrared Telescopes UH 0.6-m Telescope0.6 mOpticalUH1968 UH 2.2-m Telescope2.2 mOptical/InfraredUH1970 NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) 3.0 mInfraredNASA1979 Canada-France-Hawaiÿi Telescope (CFHT) 3.6 mOptical/InfraredCanada/France/UH1979 United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) 3.8 mInfraredUnited Kingdom1979 W. M. Keck Observatory (Keck I)10 mOptical/InfraredCaltech/ Univ. of California/NASA1992 W.M. Keck Observatory (Keck II)10 mOptical/InfraredCaltech/ Univ. of California/NASA1996 Subaru8 mOptical/InfraredJapan1999 Gemini Northern 8-m Telescope8 mOptical/InfraredCanada/Chile/Argentina/Brazil1999 Millimeter/Submillimeter Telescopes Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO) 10.4 mMillimeter/ Submillimeter Caltech/NSF1987 James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) 15 mMillimeter/ Submillimeter United Kingdom/ Canada/Netherlands 1987 Submillimeter ArrayEight 6- m antennae SubmillimeterSmithsonian Astro-physical Observ./ Taiwan 2001 Other Facilities Very Long Baseline Array25 mCentimeterNational Radio Astronomy Observatory 1992

47. Type of Personnel Mäno a Maui Hawai ÿi Total Tenure/Tenure-Track Faculty 311335 Non-Tenure-Track Faculty 90211 Postdoctoral Fellows 7007 Graduate Students 270027 Technical Support (incl. MKSS) 21134781 Administrative Support 263635 TOTAL 1211753196 Who is employed by the IfA? 10013611 Hawaiian About ¼ are locals

48. Possible Job Opportunities: Astronomer Telescope Operator Engineers (electrical, environmental, mechanical, etc.,) Technicians Computer Programmers (software, hardware) Administrators Office staff Travel agent Possible fields of study on the mountains: Geology (study of geological features) Archaeology (study of Ancient Sites) Volcanology (study of volcanoes) Botany (plants) Anthropology (study of ancient civilizations people) Meteorology (weather) Biology (land & in the lake) Entomology (study of insects) High Altitude Physician EMT (emergency medical technician)

49. Maintenance (road grader, snow plow, heavy equipment operator, road clearance etc) Ranger (malama) Cultural Resource Interpretive Guide Support services (Chef‘, housekeepers, hotel management) Conservation & Forestry (Department of land & Natural Resources) Game Management (Department of land & Natural Resources) And probably many more… Currently ~ 600 – 800 jobs in/around astronomy. With the new IfA projects, anticipate 2-3 times more jobs in the next 10-20 years.

50. The distributed IfA Maunakea IfA Mänoa IfA Hilo IfA Kula Haleakalä Where are they employed?

51. MONEY MAGAZINE’s top ten jobs: 1. Software Engineer 2. College professor 3. Financial adviser 4. Human Resources Manager 5. Physician assistant 6. Market research analyst 7. Computer IT analyst 8. Real Estate Appraiser 9. Pharmacist 10. Psychologist

52. © 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley Maunakea today

53. © 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley Maunakea tomorrow?