1. Radiation Damage Studies for Si Diode Sensors Subject to MRaD Doses Bruce Schum UC Santa Cruz July 10 2013

2. 2 The Issue: ILC BeamCal Radiation Exposure ILC BeamCal: Covers between 5 and 40 miliradians Radiation doses up to 100 MRad per year Radiation initiated by electromagnetic particles (most extant studies for hadron – induced) EM particles do little damage; might damage be come from small hadronic component of shower?

3. 3 Damage coefficients less for p-type for E e- < ~1GeV (two groups); note critical energy in W is ~10 MeV But: Are electrons the entire picture? NIELe - Energy 2x10 -2 0.5 MeV 5x10 -2 2 MeV 1x10 -1 10 MeV 2x10 -1 200 MeV G.P. Summers et al., IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 40, 1372 (1993)

4. 4 Hadronic Processes in EM Showers There seem to be three main processes for generating hadrons in EM showers (all induced by photons): Nuclear (“giant dipole”) resonances Resonance at 10-20 MeV (~E critical ) Photoproduction Threshold seems to be about 200 MeV Nuclear Compton scattering Threshold at about 10 MeV;  resonance at 340 MeV  These are largely isotropic; must have most of hadronic component develop near sample

5. Pre-radiator Post-radiator and sample N.B.: Tungsten very expensive; use lead for target instead

6. 6 Proposed split radiator configuration Radius (cm) Fluence (particles per cm 2 ) 5mm Tungsten “pre” 13mm Tungsten “post” Separated by 1m 1.02.03.0

7. Rastering Need uniform illumination over 0.25x0.75 cm region (active area of SCIPP’s charge collection measurement apparatus).  Raster in 0.05cm steps over 1x1 cm, assuming fluence profile on prior slide (see next slide for result) Exposure rate: e.g. 1 MRad at 0.5 nA of 4 GeV e -  ~ 20 min.

8. 8 Charge Collection Apparatus Recently upgraded for multiple samples P-type and N-type sensors Float-zone and Magnetic Czochralski bulk Will maintain -10 o C during and after irradiation At least 3 samples of each of four types in hand Sensors Sensor + FE ASIC DAQ FPGA with Ethernet

9. First results: Staged 5/20 MRad Doses for “PF” Sensors BULK: P-type Process: Float Zone

10. First results: 5 MRad Dose for “NC” Sensor BULK: N-type Process: Czochralski

11. Issues Doses measured with radiochroic film are x2 less than EGS-based estimate  Perform independent calibration with radfet (courtesy Clive Field) Some trouble biasing irradiated detectors; concern that moisture is compromising performance  Will probably run warm most of this week.

12. RUN ACTIVITY Th 7/11Alignment with beam, short calibration run with radfet; 20 MRad warm exposure with NC sensor Fr 7/1220 MRad cold exposure with NF sensor (finish 20 MR cold runs) Sa 7/13Begin long (~80 MR) warm exposure with PF (or possible NC) sensor Su 7/14Continue warm 80 MR exposure Mo 7/15Continue warm 80 MR exposure

13. Backup

14. 14 5.5 GeV Shower Profile Radius (cm) Fluence (particles per cm 2 ) e + e - (x10) All  E  > 10 MeV (x2) E  > 100 MeV (x20) Remember: nuclear component is from photons in 10-500 MeV range. “Pre” “Post”

15. 15 Shower Max Results  Photon production ~independent of incident energy! 1.02.03.0 Electrons, per GeV incident energy Photons per electron Photons with E > 10 MeV per electron, x10 Photons with E > 100 MeV per electron, x 100

16. mm from center 01234 013.012.811.89.98.2 113.312.912.0 213.312.912.0 313.112.811.88.2 413.012.611.7 512.3 611.610.7 710.4 88.68.06.4 Fluence (e - and e + per cm 2 ) per incident 5.5 GeV electron (5cm pre-radiator 13 cm post-radiator with 1m separation) ¼ of area to be measured Center of irradiated area ¼ of rastoring area (0.5mm steps)

17. 17 NIEL (Non-Ionizing Energy Loss) Conventional wisdom: Damage proportional to Non- Ionizing Energy Loss (NIEL) of traversing particle NIEL can be calculated (e.g. G.P. Summers et al., IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 40, 1372 [1993]) At E c Tungsten ~ 10 MeV, NIEL is 80 times worse for protons than electrons and NIEL scaling may break down (even less damage from electrons/positrons) NIEL rises quickly with decreasing (proton) energy, and fragments would likely be low energy  Might small hadronic fractions dominate damage?

18. 18 Rates (Current) and Energy Basic Idea: Direct electron beam of moderate energy on Tungsten radiator; insert silicon sensor at shower max For Si, 1 GRad is about 3 x 10 16 /cm 2, or about 5 mili-Coulomb/cm 2  Reasonably intense moderate-energy electron or photon beam necessary What energy…?