1. Introduction to the new mainframe: z/OS basics © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: The new mainframe John Kettner

2. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. 7 th April 1964, Poughkeepsie NY A new generation of electronic computing equipment was introduced today by International Business Machines Corporation. IBM Board Chairman Thomas J. Watson Jr. called the event the most important product announcement in the company's history. The new equipment is known as the IBM System/360. "System/360 represents a sharp departure from concepts of the past in designing and building computers. It is the product of an international effort in IBM's laboratories and plants and is the first time IBM has redesigned the basic internal architecture of its computers in a decade. The result will be more computer productivity at lower cost than ever before. This is the beginning of a new generation - - not only of computers - - but of their application in business, science and government."

3. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. The Mainframe Charter – Providing a Strategic Framework Innovation Provide leadership in innovation to enhance the use of the IBM mainframe to support increasingly integrated and flexible business processes for the On Demand Business.* It is our intention to… Value Enhance the value proposition and lower the cost of computing of mainframe solutions in a way that is compelling, clear, and consistent.* Community Support programs designed to foster vitality in the IBM mainframe community, helping to promote a strong application portfolio and world- class support services.* * Excerpted from the Mainframe Charter – August 2003

4. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. z/OS Innovation – Redefining the mainframe for 5 decades! Portal/XML System z10 ITR – Internal Transaction Rate IRD – Intelligent Resource Director

5. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. Mainframes in our midst Mainframes:  Are prevalent, yet hidden from public eye  Not often publicized – stable, reliable, dependable  Contrast with other forms of computing, such as PCs  Present opportunities for college graduates in a variety of technical fields.

6. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. What is a mainframe?  A mainframe is a computing system that businesses use to host the commercial databases, transaction servers, and applications that require a greater degree of security and availability than is commonly found on smaller-scale machines.  The power of a mainframe provides computing speed and capacity, enabling it to perform high volumes of processing.  The mainframe can process a mixed workload of jobs from different time zones and of different types.

7. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. Mainframe facts  Who uses mainframes? Most Fortune 1000 companies use a mainframe environment 60% of all data available on the Internet is stored on mainframe computers  Why mainframes? Large-scale transaction processing Thousands of transactions per second Support thousands of users and application programs Simultaneously accessing resources Terabytes of information in databases Large-bandwidth communications  There are more CICS * transactions processed daily than Web pages served * Customer Information Control System

8. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. Design Scalability for Balanced Growth

9. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. The IBM System z10 specialty engines can operate on the same machine together or to couple machines providing a single image to the users Specialty engines z/OS LPAR Application not on System z TCP/IP Linux on System z LPAR Application IFL TCP/IP HiperSockets DRDADRDA DB2 CP z/OS LPAR WAS Application zAAP TCP/IP HiperSockets WAS Application zAAP zIIP DRDA Star Schema SAP CF LPAR ICF I/O operations Server Coupling 1.SAP (system use) 2.ICF – coupling facility 3.IFL - Linux 4.zAAP - java 5.zIIP - db zAAPs (Application Assist Processors) zIIPs (Integrated Information Processors) IFLs (Integrated Facility for Linux processors) ICFs (Internal Coupling Facility processors) CPs (central processors).

10. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. Typical mainframe workloads

11. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. Mainframe Operating System Heritage OS/360 -> OS/VS -> MVS/SP -> MVS/XA -> MVS/ESA -> OS/390 -> z/OS z/OS is IBM’s premier zSeries operating system, is a highly secure, scalable, high- performance enterprise operating system on which to build and deploy traditional and Java-enabled applications, providing a comprehensive and diverse application execution environment. DOS/360 -> DOS/VS -> VSE/SP -> VSE/ESA -> z/VSE VSE enables proven, robust, and cost-effective solutions. VSE provides sturdy batch and industrial strength on-line transaction processing (CICS) capabilities. VSE can fit comfortably into a legacy of thrifty, dependable VSE solutions. ACP -> TPF-> z/TPF TPF is the platform driving the business-critical systems for many of IBM's largest and most sophisticated users of online transaction processing - airlines, railroads, hotels, financial services, government, credit card and banking industries. CP/67 -> VM/370 -> VM/SP -> VM/XA -> VM/ESA -> z/VM z/VM provides a highly flexible test and production environment for enterprises deploying the latest e-business solutions. z/VM helps enterprises meet their growing demands for multi-user server solutions with support for a broad range of operating systems.

12. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. Factors contributing to mainframe use  RAS -- reliability, availability, serviceability  Security  Scalability  Centralized control  Workload management  Partitioning / virtualization  Continuing compatibility  Evolving architecture  Application enablement, complexity, variety  Potential for thousands of users  Extensibility  Total cost of ownership  Environment friendly

13. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. z/OS Consolidation Benefits: Location Matters! z/OSLinux, Unix, Windows DB2 WebSphere Application Server (WAS) CICS VSAM Universal JDBC CICS Transaction Gateway (CTG) CTG DB2 Dist. Data facility IMS Java DB2 WebSphere Application Server VSAM Universal JDBC IMS Java CTG Adapter z/OS Moving from multiple physical tiers to a single tier provides additional benefits, including tighter security, enhanced management, reduced costs, simplified configurations and performance gains. CICS IMS Connect IMS Connect IMS Multi-tier Single Tier

14. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. z/OS Availability and Scalability Foundation: Parallel Sysplex  z/OS clustering solution is Parallel Sysplex  No single point of failure  Key Elements:  Lock manager Data Buffer Time Synchronization Shared Disk Shared Network Common Security 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 - Locks - Data z/OS DB2 JVM Java Appl CICS ® DB2 ® IMS ™ z/OS DB2 JVM Java Appl CICS ® DB2 ® IMS ™ z/OS DB2 JVM Java Appl CICS ® DB2 ® IMS ™ Sysplex Services

15. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. Protect Data in Transit Encryption Digital Certificates The Secured Business Environment OpenSSL PKI and Digital Certificates Crypto Crypto Information Integrity z/OS key management capabilities Long term key management Encryption of data for archival Highly secure transfers across the Internet Trusted exchange with open standards & support for IP encryption Encryption with key management Highly secure data transfer CPACF (clear key) Software Crypto ICSF Crypto Express 2 secure key Security Server Security Administration LDAP Directory tree Open SSH IPsec Distributed directory services Directory Services Managing identity across enterprise Ensure integrity of information, SoD for encryption of data at rest Protect privacy of customer & employee information Secure exchange of business critical information Shared I/O, storage, memory, CPU Enabling non-z/OS servers to communicate securely with z/OS. RACF Kerberos Digital Certificates Identrus compliant Certificates Trusted business transactions Common Criteria Rating DB2 MLS Multi-Level Security Single repository of data with various levels of security Data Security z/OS Security Provides System and Data Integrity

16. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. z/OS is Designed to Run Diverse Workloads 25% utilization requires:  Scaling means MORE servers, SW licenses, power, operators, etc.  Static workload management  High admin and environmental cost  Intel worse, typically <10% utilization  Complexity means resources dedicated to MAINTENANCE Between 85% to 100% utilization enables:  Optimized use of SW assets in a highly virtualized and shared resource infrastructure  z/OS WLM supports “hands off”, business priority driven intelligent workload management  Inherent scalability means fewer servers requiring less power, cooling & admin costs  Less resources to maintain, allowing more to be focused on INNOVATING

17. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. System z – The Ultimate Virtualization Resource Native Linux z/OS DB2 Linux for System z ERP Java Appl. WebSphere ® Core CIC S IMS Busine ss Object s JVM z/OS DB2 JVM Business Objects Java ™ Appl Java Appl CICS ® DB2 ® IMS ™ HiperSockets ™ – virtual networking and switching Processor Resource/Systems Manager ™ (PR/SM ™ ) CP 1CP 2 CP n Memory IFL 1IFL n Massive, robust consolidation platform; virtualization is built in, not added on Up to 60 logical partitions on PR/SM; 100’s to 1000’s of virtual servers on z/VM Virtual networking for memory-speed communication, as well as virtual layer 2 and layer 3 networks supported by z/VM Most sophisticated and complete hypervisor function available Intelligent and autonomic management of diverse workloads and system resources based on business policies and workload performance objectives ERP JVM z/OS DB2 JVM z/VM Linux for System z WebSphere ® z/VM Linux for System z z/VM Linux for System z zIIPs & zAAPs z/OS Batch

18. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. System z – The Ultimate Virtualization Resource  Intelligent Resource Director (IRD) further differentiates z/OS with its ability to manage resources across multiple partitions in a server  PR/SM, IRD and WLM work together to ensure that the resources of the server are correctly balanced to enable work to complete within stated policy goals Native Linux z/OS DB2 Linux for System z ERP Java Appl. WebSphere ® Core CIC S IMS Busine ss Object s JVM z/OS DB2 JVM Business Objects Java ™ Appl Java Appl CICS ® DB2 ® IMS ™ HiperSockets ™ – virtual networking and switching Processor Resource/Systems Manager ™ (PR/SM ™ ) CP 1CP 2 CP n Memory IFL 1IFL n ERP JVM z/OS DB2 JVM z/VM Linux for System z WebSphere ® z/VM Linux for System z z/VM Linux for System z zIIPs & zAAPs z/OS Batch PR/SM, IRD, and WLM

19. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. z/OS Advanced Support for Global transactions and two-phase commit z/OS Resource Recovery Services (RRS) provides operating-system control of the commit process. When performing a full two-phase commit with more than one resource manager (IMS, CICS, DB2, MQ, etc.,) RRS can handle the two-phase commit coordination process with highly optimized internal z/OS code. Performance is improved because the commit process is internal to the operating system rather than in middleware. When doing a 2-phase-commit interaction, locks are held on more than one back- end data resource. The longer these locks are held, the greater the impact on performance. By optimizing this path, you enable locks to be released sooner - benefits all work. When a z/OS system handles two-phase commit, it helps simplify and even eliminate application management and coding of rollback logic

20. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. z/OS Reliability: Automatic Restart Manager What Automatic Restart Manager is z/OS recovery function for Batch jobs and started tasks Used by transaction and resource managers (e.g., CICS, DB2, IMS, WAS) Available only in a parallel Sysplex environment What Automatic Restart Manager provides: Fast restarts Reduced operator intervention for restarts Restarts distributed Sysplex-wide by WLM Dependent job recovery coordination

21. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. z/OS System Management Facility (SMF) The z/OS System Management Facility (SMF) collects and records system and job-related information that your installation can use in: Billing users Reporting reliability Analyzing the configuration Scheduling jobs Summarizing direct access volume activity Evaluating data set activity Profiling system resource use Maintaining system security

22. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. z/OS Workload Manager (WLM)  Prevents long running tasks (batch) from monopolizing resources  Ensures consistent response times for short queries (OLTP)  Manages work according to business goals  Optimizes resources when running competing workloads Purpose of workload management is to balance available resources (I/O, storage, CPUs) across multiple types of work based on the work's service requirements and it’s importance to the business. This is difficult, if impossible to do manually. Workload manager actively and automatically manages the workload across an entire cluster of systems based on the relative business importance of each type of work.

23. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. WLM Service Policy Service Classes WAS, Imp=1, 90%<0.25s CICS, Imp=1, 90%<0.5s DDF, Imp=2, 80%<0.5s TSO, Per=1, Imp=3, 90%<1s TSO, Per=2, Imp=4, 80%<3s Batch, Imp=5,ExVel=10 Goals Reporting communicate assignremove determine goal achievement  Goal oriented approach  Different classes of service  Classification rules  Importance based goal attainment  Subsystems participate Introduce World Leading System Self-Management Capabilities based on Customer-Specified Goals Workload Management Overview

24. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. DB2 1.Objects are converted into byte array at the requester (CPU, time) 2.Network latency is incurred (time) 3.More latency is incurred as service is dispatched (CPU, time) 4.Objects are reconstructed at the server (CPU, time) 5.Requested data is retrieved 6.Objects are converted into byte array at the server (CPU, time) 7.Network latency is incurred (time) 8.Objects are reconstructed at the requester (CPU, time) Some other considerations: –Number of interactions between the tiers, volume of data passed –No local optimizations of the access protocol –Effect on server memory requirements due to locking No Proximity: What happens when logic and data are separated? Business Logic Data Logic

25. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. Presentation Logic Business Logic Data Logic DB2  Effect of refactoring business logic to be co-resident with z/OS data: –Average CPU time per EJB transaction was reduced by over 77% –Number of bytes of data transferred per EJB transaction was reduced by 99% http://www.ibm.com/support/techdocs, Optimizing WebSphere Performance on DB2, WP100558 Proximity Value: Transportation Industry POC Avg CPU time per trx (ms) Amount of data xfrd per trx (KB) 11.73 54.4 Avg CPU time per trx (ms) Amount of data xfrd per trx (KB) 2.64 0.5 Presentation Logic Business Logic Data Logic

26. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. Proximity Performance Benefits Performance benefits* No network time No product specific network protocol construction / deconstruction DRDA (DB2) CICS Transaction gateway (CICS) RMI / IIOP (IMS & J2EE) Reduced CPU utilization High speed access to cache without network Parallel Sysplex infrastructure infrastructure for DB2, CICS, IMS, MQ Guaranteed integrity and currency of data (Pessimistic data access) Improved two phase commit performance High Availability (HA) benefits Fewer tiers to HA enable and manage Proven Parallel Sysplex HA enablement Parallel Sysplex exploitation by all program products Simplified recovery procedures Faster restart times Operating system service (ARM) for system restart *Local (Type 2) connectors within a system image

27. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. Qualities of Service Benefits of Proximity Management benefits Fewer components to manage Hardware servers Network Infrastructure Operating Systems System z Platform Scalability Vertical (Up to 32 CPU per image) Horizontal Scalability (Parallel Sysplex) Smaller Physical Footprint and resource utilization Single end to end management interface / console for all products within the architecture WebSphere cross platform administrative interface z/OS Console, System Management Facility Security benefits  Single security authority for authentication and authorization  Simplified Compliance Certification and Analysis (SOX, HIPAA, etc)  Tight integration of WebSphere and RACF via Security Authorization Facility (SAF)  End user authentication for authorization and auditing throughout the architecture  No network between tiers Reduced Opportunity for intercepting transmissions ( No need to encrypt data or tunnel between tiers

28. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. Summary The New Mainframe:  Plays a central role in the daily operations of the world’s largest organizations – and the daily lives of most people.  Is known for its reliability, security, and enormous processing capabilities.  Is designed for processing large scale workloads and serving thousands of users and transactions concurrently.  Is managed by highly skilled technical support staff.  Runs a variety of operating systems.

29. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved. Trademarks DB2* DB2 Universal Database DirMaint DRDA* Enterprise Storage Server* ESCON* FICON* GDPS* HiperSockets IBM* The following are trademarks of the International Business Machines Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. The following are trademarks or registered trademarks of other companies. * All other products may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Intel is a trademark of Intel Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both. Java and all Java-related trademarks and logos are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc., in the United States and other countries Linux is a trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and other countries.. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries. Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries. Notes: Performance is in Internal Throughput Rate (ITR) ratio based on measurements and projections using standard IBM benchmarks in a controlled environment. The actual throughput that any user will experience will vary depending upon considerations such as the amount of multiprogramming in the user's job stream, the I/O configuration, the storage configuration, and the workload processed. Therefore, no assurance can be given that an individual user will achieve throughput improvements equivalent to the performance ratios stated here. IBM hardware products are manufactured from new parts, or new and serviceable used parts. Regardless, our warranty terms apply. All customer examples cited or described in this presentation are presented as illustrations of the manner in which some customers have used IBM products and the results they may have achieved. Actual environmental costs and performance characteristics will vary depending on individual customer configurations and conditions. This publication was produced in the United States. IBM may not offer the products, services or features discussed in this document in other countries, and the information may be subject to change without notice. Consult your local IBM business contact for information on the product or services available in your area. All statements regarding IBM's future direction and intent are subject to change or withdrawal without notice, and represent goals and objectives only. Information about non-IBM products is obtained from the manufacturers of those products or their published announcements. IBM has not tested those products and cannot confirm the performance, compatibility, or any other claims related to non-IBM products. Questions on the capabilities of non-IBM products should be addressed to the suppliers of those products. Prices subject to change without notice. Contact your IBM representative or Business Partner for the most current pricing in your geography. * Registered trademarks of IBM Corporation IBM eServer IBM logo* IMS Lotus* MQSeries* Parallel Sysplex* RACF* Rational* System i System z System z9 System Storage Tivoli* TotalStorage* Virtualization Engine* VSE/ESA VTAM* WebSphere* z/Architecture z/OS* z/VM* z/VSE zSeries*

30. Introduction to the new mainframe © Copyright IBM Corp., 2008. All rights reserved.