1. LI 2013 NATHALIE F. MARTIN R EVIEW 1 ST M IDTERM

2. On the Exam... Here is what will be on the exam: Language: A Preview (chap. 1, O’Grady) Fields of linguistics (handout and Powerpoint) Phonetics (brief introduction done in class) Morphology (chap. 4, O’Grady)... In short, what we saw in class

3. MORPHOLOGY (chap. 4, O’Grady) What you should know:  Def: Morphology  Morphemes:  Free, bound morphemes  Allomorphs  Analysing Word Structure  Root, affix  Base  Affix: prefix, suffix, infixes  Derivation:  English derivational affixes  Complex derivation  Constraints in derivation  Two classes of derivational affixes

4. MORPHOLOGY (continued) (chap. 4, O’Grady) What you should know:  Inflection:  Inflections in English  Inflection vs. Derivation  Compounding:  Properties of compounds  Endocentric and exocentric compounds  Compounding in other languages  Other Morphological Phenomenon:  Processes: Internal change, suppletion, reduplication, tone placement / cliticization, conversion, clipping, blends, backformation, acronyms, onomatopoeia, etc.

5. Correction of last week’s homework Exercise 9 (see p. 117) a)b)

6. Correction of last week’s homework Exercise 9 c)

7. Correction of last week’s homework Exercise 13 a) Inflectional b) Derivational c) Inflectional* → lovely, lovelier, loveliest (p. 125) d) Inflectional e) Derivation

8. Morphology Invent a word using this root : VACUUM 1. by adding a prefix to this base (make sure that there are no constrains to the combination). 2. And then adding a suffix. 3. Draw the structure (tree) of the two words that you have just created. 4. What are the lexical categories of these words?

9. LANGUAGE: AN INTRODUCTION (chap. 1, O’Grady) What you should know:  How humans are made to speak  What is language  Linguistic competence vs. performance  Descriptive vs. Prescriptive approach to language  Grammar:  Generality, parity, universality, mutability, inaccessibility

10. Things you should know … What is language? Definiti0n: language, languages and speech Linguistic competence vs. performance

11. 1.1 Specialization for Language Contemporary Linguistics Analysis : p. 2. OrganSurvivalSpeech Lungs Exchange CO 2 for O 2 Air flow Vocal Cords Cover tube to lungs Vibration Tongue Move food in mouth Articulation Teeth Chew foodArticulation Lips Seal oral cavityArticulation Nose Breathing Nasal resonance

12. Descriptive or Prescriptive? Newfoundland English retains distinct morphology brought in by the original settlers (e.g. « I goes », « you goes » and « all the people goes »). It is not proper to use double negatives (e.g. I don’t have nothing).

13. Grammar, as seen through Linguist’s eyes... Generality: Parity: Universality: Mutability: Inaccessibility: All languages have a grammar All grammars are equal Grammars are alike in basic ways Grammars change over time Grammatical knowledge is subconscious

14. FIELDS OF LINGUISTICS (handout and Powerpoint) What you should know:  Linguistics  Fields of linguistics (handout and Powerpoint)  Descriptive linguistics  Applied linguistics

15. EARLY DAYS OF THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE Philology Historical linguistics Comparative linguistics ancient civilisations Objet: ancient civilisations language(s) and it’s/their evolution Objet: language(s) and it’s/their evolution comparison between languages Objet: comparison between languages

16. FIELDS OF LINGUISTICS ________________ Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics________________ Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Neurolinguistics Computational linguistics

17. PHONETICS: A Brief Introduction (Handout and Powerpoint) What you should know:  Introduction to phonetics  Sounds of English  Consonants & vowels  IPA chart (general)  Transcription

18. IPA Consonants Chart

19. IPA Vowel Chart

20. IPA Glides (examples)

21. Phonetic Practice 1. Read these words phonetically and write them out using conventional English spelling.  [ mit ]  [ ʃ uz ]  [ skul ]  [ mju z ɪ k ] 2. Fill in the missing symbols.  Cartoons = [ _ ɑ _ _ u _ _ ]  Singing = [ _ ɪ _ ɪ _ ]  English = [ ɪ _ _ _ ɪ _]  Cheese = [_ _ _ _ ]

22. H AVE A NICE DAY ! God bless you! “Now to him who is able to keep you from stumbling and to present you blameless before the presence of his glory with great joy, to the only God, our Savior, through Jesus Christ our Lord, be glory, majesty, dominion, and authority, before all time and now and forever. Amen.” (Jud 1:24-25 )