2. Bellringer Write down, in detail, the most vivid you’ve ever had. Then, estimate the following:  -duration of dream  -time of night you had the dream

3. True or False? Taking short naps (from 20- 60 minutes) can improve alertness, reduce irritability, and improve performance. TRUE

4. True or False? Ants do not sleep. FALSE

5. True or False? If you die in your dreams, you will die in real life. FALSE

6. True or False? The elderly need less sleep. FALSE

7. True or False? Teens need more sleep than adults. TRUE

8. True or False? Everyone needs eight hours of sleep. FALSE

9. True or False? A big meal before bed will trigger nightmares FALSE

10. True or False? We become paralysed during sleep. TRUE

11. True or False? Some people do not dream. FALSE

12. True or False? On average, we spend about 30% of our lives asleep. TRUE

15. Measuring sleep 1. ElectroEncephaloGram (EEG) – Records brain activity/waves

18. Create an EEG for your brain activity right now Ms. Knight’s brain waves

19. What is REM sleep? Characteristics:  Rapid Eye Movements occur  Heart rate increases  Skeletal muscles relax (paralysis)  Occurs roughly every 92 minutes These periods of prolonged rapid eye movements (REM) were thought by Dement and Kleitman to have some connection with dreaming

20. REM sleep

22. 3 explanations for why we dream... 1) Freud – dreaming is the ‘royal road to the unconscious’ so we dream because we are fulfilling our wishes 2) Cognitive – we dream because we are spending time organising our mental structures (information) 3) Physiological – we dream because the random firings of neurons create an image which we add meaning to

23. Dement and Kleitman: Aim  To find the the relationship between REM sleep and dreaming

24. Aim  To see if the physiological aspects of REM sleep related to the subjects’ experiences of dreaming.  Also, D&K wanted to observe and record the length, frequency and patterns of Ss REM sleep.

25. Hypotheses H 1 - There will be a significant association b/w REM sleep and dreaming (would help establish that measuring REM is objective) H 2 - There is a significant positive correlation b/w the estimate of time spent dreaming and the measurement of REM sleep H 3 - There is a relationship b/w the pattern of eye movement and reported content of the dream

26. Methodology- Design & Participants  ‘NATURAL’ LAB EXPERIMENT IN A LAB SETTING CARRIED OUT AT THE U OF CHICAGO (NO MENTION OF RECRUITMENT)  IV= AWOKEN IN REM OR NREM SLEEP,  DV= SELF-REPORT OF DREAMS  PARTICIPANTS 7M & 2F (5 INTENSELY INVESTIGATED FOR 6-17 NIGHTS & 4 TO CONFIRM FINDINGS FOR 1-2 NIGHTS) PS INSTRUCTED TO AVOID ALCOHOL & CAFFEINE (USED AS CONTROL), BUT WERE TOLD TO EAT NORMALLY PS REPORTED TO LAB JUST BEFORE REGULAR BEDTIME (SLEPT IN QUIET & DARK ROOM)

27. Methodology- Data Collection H1- Quantitative- measured EEG patterns in REM & NREM sleep as reported by Ps recall H2- Quantitative- EEG patterns in REM sleep and Ps estimated time of dreaming compared for correlational data H3- Qualitative- data on dream content compared to observations on the movement of Ps eyes

28. Methodology- Materials (Control) Sleep lab @ University of Chicago EEG machine to measure sleep objectively Electrodes were gathered at the top of Ps head into a single cord Doorbell used to wake up Ps Tape recorder used to record Ps recollections of what they were dreaming about

29. Procedure- Testing H1 At various times during the night (both during REM and N-REM sleep), Ps were awakened to test their dream recall (random assignment in some sense) The Ps were woken up by a loud doorbell ringing close to their bed. The participant then had to speak into a tape recorder near the bed. They were instructed to first state whether or not they had been dreaming and then, if they could, to report the content of the dream The Ps were only recorded as having dreamed if they were able to relate a coherent and relatively detailed description of the dream content

30. Procedure- Testing H2 The Ps were awoken (via the bell) at random or specific times by D&K at either 5 mins or 15 mins into a REM period Then asked to say into the recorder (a) if they were dreaming (b) if so, a description of the dream (if possible) (c) An estimation of if they were dreaming for 5 or 15 mins Es usually listened outside the room but sometimes further questioned the Ps inside the room

31. Procedure- Testing H3 The Ps were woken up one minute after 1 of 4 patterns of eye movement occurred -a-mainly vertical -c-both vertical & horizontal b-mainly horizontal -d-little/no eye movement The Ps were to tell what they were dreaming about D&K then analyzed data to detail patterns b/w the eye movement Totals= 351 awakenings over 61 nights (5.7/P) 21% in first 2 hrs, 29% in 3-4 hrs, 28% in 5-6 hrs, 22% in 7-8 hr

32. RESULTS FOR REM SLEEP REM never occurred at the start of the sleep cycle All the Ps showed periods of REM, characterized by a low voltage, relatively fast pattern EEG The avg. occurrence of REM sleep was once every 92 minutes, with range of group b/w 70-104 minutes REM lasted b/w 3- 50 mins, and increased in time as night progressed (avg REM was 20 mins) Eye movement had bursts b/w 2-100 If P was awoken during REM in the final hours of sleep, P often went back to REM sleep, like the brain activity did not finish

33. Results for H1 *DREAMING WAS DEEMED TO HAVE OCCURRED IF THE SUBJECT COULD GIVE A RELATIVELY COHERENT & DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DREAM MORE DREAMS WERE REPORTED IN REM THAN NREM SLEEP (SHOWN IN BOTH EEG AND PS RECALL) (SEE TABLE 1) WHEN PS WERE AWOKEN CLOSER TO REM SLEEP(WITHIN 8 MINS), THEY DISPLAYED BETTER RECALL OF DREAMS WHEN PS WERE AWOKEN IN DEEP NREM SLEEP, THEY WERE BEWILDERED & SAID THAT THEY WERE DREAMING BUT COULDN’T DESCRIBE THE CONTENT DREAM RECALL INCREASED THROUGH THE NIGHT

34. Results for H1 Table 1- instances of dream recall after REM & NREM Results show that REM sleep is predominantly associated with dreaming, and NREM sleep is associated with periods of non-dreaming sleep

35. Results for H2 results revealed that all but one of the participants were able to choose the correct dream duration fairly accurately participant (DN) could only recall the latter part of the dream and so underestimated its length (refer to Table 2) Correlations were found to be significant, ranging from.40 to.71 for each participants Findings show that we dream relatively in real time

36. Results for H2 Table 2- Results of dream duration estimates after 5/15 mins

37. Results for H3 Findings suggests that the eye movements of subjects are related to the dream content Indicates that the eyes were moving as if seeing what the P was dreaming about Examples: Vertical- looking down a cliff or up a ladder and shooting basketballs horizontal- throwing tomatoes at each other H&V- interacting with and/or looking at close objects no movement- associated with distance objects or stationary ones

38. Discussion ALL THREE HYPOTHESES CONFIRMED RESULTS OBTAINED BY WAKING SUBJECTS STRONGLY SUPPORT THE CORRELATION B/W REM SLEEP AND DREAMING CANNOT DEFINITIVELY SAY THAT DREAMING DID NOT OCCUR IN OTHER STAGES, BUT DOUBTFUL IN MANY CASES INSTANCES OF ‘DREAMING’ IN NREM WERE NOT RELIABLE IN THE RECORDINGS & MAY HAVE BEEN FROM REM MEMORIES BASED ON DATA, DREAMS ‘OCCUR IN REAL TIME’ COMPARING TO PREVIOUS STUDIES, D&K SAID THAT PREVIOUS METHODOLOGY LACKED ENOUGH MEASUREMENTS SUCH AS NOT AMPLIFYING THE EEG ENOUGH OR RECORDING ONLY SAMPLES OF SLEEP

39. Strengths & Weaknesses Scientific/objective measurements, but the self report of dreaming & content was subjective Sample size and makeup (cannot generalize) No background provided for Ps (can be Ethnocentric) Method of waking subject may have influenced ability to recall dreams Correlation does not mean causation!

40. Ethical & Ecological Considerations Ethics (Remember, this predated strict guidelines) No mention of informed consent or rtw No significant harm or stress to Ps Ecological Validity- lab experiment lowers it Sleeping with wires on Sleeping being watched Sleeping in strange room

41. Usefulness  STUDY WAS A GENERATIVE ONE- IT SPARKED NEW WAVES INTO SLEEP RESEARCH SUBSEQUENT STUDIES HAVE NOT SUPPORTED D&K’S FINDINGS THAT THERE IS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EYE MOVEMENTS AND WHAT THE PERSON IS DREAMING ABOUT STUDIES HAVE CLAIMED THAT NREM SLEEP CAN SHOW SIMILAR EEG RESULTS AND THUS QUESTION THE EXCLUSIVENESS IN REM SLEEP