1. Civil Rights Civil Rights are taken, not given! What does the above statement mean? What are Civil Rights? The nonpolitical rights of a citizen, esp. the rights of personal liberty guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution

2. Brown V. Board Of Education Plessy V. Ferguson 1896 “separate but equal” Plessy V. Ferguson 1896 “separate but equal” Brown V. Board of Ed 1954 Brown V. Board of Ed 1954 Linda Brown had to attend an A.A. school far from home Linda Brown had to attend an A.A. school far from home White schools were a short walk to her house White schools were a short walk to her house Court Ruled: racial segregation is illegal in public school Court Ruled: racial segregation is illegal in public school Brown wins on 14 th Amendment: equal protection Brown wins on 14 th Amendment: equal protection “There is a difference between the law in books and the law in action”

3. Little Rock Nine Little Rock School District was the first Southern District to desegregate Little Rock School District was the first Southern District to desegregate Nine African American Students were admitted to all white Central High in 1957 Nine African American Students were admitted to all white Central High in 1957 Gov. Orval Faubus ordered the National Guard to surround the school Gov. Orval Faubus ordered the National Guard to surround the school Nat’l Guard ordered to not allow A.A. into the school! Nat’l Guard ordered to not allow A.A. into the school! Elizabeth Eckford had to go to school by herself, she met an angry mob Elizabeth Eckford had to go to school by herself, she met an angry mob For three weeks the A.A. students were turned away For three weeks the A.A. students were turned away A court ruled the Nat’l Guard be removed A court ruled the Nat’l Guard be removed 9/23/57 the nine were turned away by the white mob 9/23/57 the nine were turned away by the white mob 9/25/57 Pres. Eisenhower ordered the 1000 armed troops to get the Little Rock Nine into school 9/25/57 Pres. Eisenhower ordered the 1000 armed troops to get the Little Rock Nine into school They stayed with the students for the rest of the year They stayed with the students for the rest of the year Ernest Green was the first African American to graduate in ’58. Ernest Green was the first African American to graduate in ’58.

4. Montgomery Bus Boycott African Americans were made to ride in the back of the bus African Americans were made to ride in the back of the bus NAACP wanted equal rights when riding on public transit. NAACP wanted equal rights when riding on public transit. 12/01/55 Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a White man 12/01/55 Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a White man She was arrested She was arrested 50,000 African Americans organized a boycott of the bus system 50,000 African Americans organized a boycott of the bus system Martin Luther King Jr. was chosen to lead a new group called the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) Martin Luther King Jr. was chosen to lead a new group called the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) Whites tried to break the boycott through intimidation and violence Whites tried to break the boycott through intimidation and violence *MIA leaders had their homes bombed *King told followers to resist non-violently 1956 the Supreme Court ruled the Segregation Law unconstitutional 1956 the Supreme Court ruled the Segregation Law unconstitutional Civil Rights Act of 1957-federal crime to prevent qualified citizens from voting! Civil Rights Act of 1957-federal crime to prevent qualified citizens from voting!