1. Early Beam Injection Scheme for the Fermilab Booster: A Path for Intensity Upgrade Chandra Bhat Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory DPF2015, ANN ARBOR, MI August 4-8, 2015 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF20151

2. Acknowledgements 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF20152 W. Pellico, C. Drennan, K. Triplett, S. Chaurize, B. Hendrick, and T. Sullivan

3. Fermilab, US Premier Particle Physics Laboratory 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF2015 3 Aerial view of Fermilab Site MiniBooNE MicroBooNE NuMI: MINOS+ MINERvA NOvA Muon: g-2 Mu2e MIPP Test Beam SeaQuest M-Center LBNF Recycler & Main Injector Booster Tevatron Recycler: 8 GeV Permanent Magnet Storage Ring Main Injector: 8 -120 GeV Accelerator Booster: 0.4-8 GeV Accelerator LINAC Accumulator/ (Muon-ring)

4. Proton Delivery Scenario from the Booster (approximate) 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF20154 Protons on Target /quarter, (x10 20 ) 7.5 Hz 15 Hz NuMI/NOvA BNB g-2 SY120 ~PIP End Preparing for PIP II (Booster at 20Hz) Summer shutdown (we are here) From Bill Pellico Expected protons from Booster Mu2e LBNF Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) # of Protons during the last quarter with rep rate of  6/sec

5. Record 1.25x10 17 protons/hour on July 24, 2015 (previous record 1.1x10 17 protons/hour) 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF20155 Base Design Efficiency (  90%) Average rep. Rate

6. Upgrade Path for Power on Target 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF2015 6 Present inj. point at L1 New inj. point at L11 PIP-II PIP ParameterPIP CompletedPIP-II Injection Energy (KE) (GeV) 0.40.8 Extraction Energy KE (GeV) 88 Injection Intensity (p/pulse) 4.52E126.63E12 Extraction Intensity (p/pulse) 4.3E126.44E12 Bunch Removed 33 Efficiency (%) 9597 Booster repetition rate (Hz) 1520 Booster Beam Power at Exit (kW) 94184 MI batches 12 per1.33 sec12 per 1.2 sec NOvA beam power (kW) 7001200 Rate availability for other users (Hz) 58 Booster flux capability (protons/hr) ~ 2.3E17~ 3.5E17 Laslett Tune shift at Injection  - 0.227  -0.263 Longitudinal energy spread < 6 MeV Transverse emittances (p-mm-mrad) < 1418 Booster uptime > 85%

7. Are there innovative ways to increase the Booster beam before PIP-II era? 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF20157  Introduction  Beam Simulations  Experimental Demonstrations  Beam studies and Findings  Summary and Future Plans

8. Schematic of the Beam Injection in the Booster 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF20158 Booster Magnet Ramp Bmax Issues: A limited time for Beam Capture & Acceleration. RF manipulations are non-adiabatic  ~50% emittance dilution, 10% beam loss and large RF power Bmin 1/15Hz  0.0666 s ~60  s-200  s debunching  40  s injection Begin Inj. Capture & Acceleration using 37-52 MHz RF system in  360  s Current Scheme (CIS) LINAC Beam Booster Synchrotron

9. 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF20159 Booster Magnet Ramp  40  s injection capture for >260  s (no debunching) 150  s Energy Acceptance > 4MeV Beam  E  1.3MeV f sy = 8kHz-27kHz @ Vrf=0.035-0.4MV Begin Inj. Beam Acceleration using 37-52 MHz RF system Bmax Bmin Schematic of the Early Injection Scheme for the Booster Change in Es <0.24MeV 1/15Hz  0.0666 s C. M. Bhat, IPAC2015

10. Early Injection Scheme 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF201510

11. Beam Simulations from Injection  Extraction (Evolution of Phase space Distribution) 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF201511 VIDEO Current Injection Scheme Early Injection Scheme

12. Beam Simulations from Injection  Extraction 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF201512 with 2E10-12E10p/bunch

13. “Proof of Principle” Experiment  Beam studies were conducted in the Booster  Beam injection at 144  s earlier than BDOT=0.0. While in normal operation beam is injected  0.0 µs  New Radial-position, Paraphase and Simulated Vrf curves used  Transition crossing  Needed additional tuning 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF201513 /  [(∫)/(∫)] 2 =31%

14. Implications  One can increase the Booster beam power at extraction, because more number of Booster turns can be accommodated  Higher brightness beam to the downstream machines  Booster can be run with nearly 30% less RF power per cycle  This is a great bonus. 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF201514

15. Tasks under Development  Beam capture soon after the completion of the beam injection,  A better frequency synchronization between the LLRF and real frequency.  Implement phase corrections/jump at transition crossing.  Fast bunch rotation  Gives lower beam energy spread at extraction. Hence, is better for slip- stacking in RR. 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF201515

16. Summary 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF201516 ParameterPIP PIP-II (After 2022) Injection Energy (KE) (GeV) 0.40.8 Extraction Energy KE (GeV) 88 Injection Intensity (p/pulse) 4.52E12 (x ~1.4)6.63E12 Extraction Intensity (p/pulse) 4.3E12 (~6E12)6.44E12 Number of Booster Turns 13 (18)300 Efficiency (%) 95 (  97) 97 Booster repetition rate (Hz) 1520 Booster Beam Power at Extraction (kW) 94 (~130)184 MI batches 12 every 1.33 sec12 every 1.2 sec NOvA beam power (kW) 700 (~950)1200 Rate availability for other users (Hz) 58 Booster flux capability (protons/hr) ~ 2.3E17 (3.2E17)~ 3.5E17 Expected by adopting Early Injection Scheme

17. Backup 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF201517

18. Beam Simulations from Injection  Extraction 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF201518 Parameters Booster circumference (2  R) [m]473.8 Injection KE [MeV]400 Extraction KE [MeV]8000 Cycle Time[sec]1/15 0, -90, -144 Harmonic Number84 5.478 1.6 0.04 Beam Structure at Injection201MHz Number of BT1-17 Bunch Intensity [protons/bunch]2E10-12E10 Beam transverse radius [cm]1.2* Beam pipe (RF) radius [cm]2.86* *Used in simulations with space charge effects

19. Laslett SC tune shift 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF201519

20. Studies with Different Intensities 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF201520

21. Samples of Transverse Beam Sizes for the First 2 ms (Nothing Unusual) 8/4/2015, Chandra Bhat, DPF201521 Data are for 14BT beam