2. Five Civilized Tribes Cherokee-Ga Creek –# of unified tribes all over South Choctaw- Mississippi Chickasaw-KY, TN, MS, AL Seminoles- Florida

4. Why? Adopted white culture Intermarried with whites Set up own formal governments Held political positions Learned English Practiced same religion

5. State’s Rights Issues Southern States –claimed jurisdiction over these tribes Governor of GA George Troup began giving Indian land away by lottery He warned Federal government to stay out Indians took matter to supreme court

6. Worcester v. Georgia 1832 John Marshall- ruled that GA’s jurisdiction over Native land was UNCONSTITUIONAL! President Jackson refused to enforce decision So, states continued to encroach on Native land V.

7. Treaty of New Echota Signed Dec 29, 1835 Ratified by Congress in 1836 Major Ridge and his son signed treaty with members of Cherokee tribe Not what Cherokee nation wanted Basically gave Cherokee $5 million to give up land and move West

8. Their responses!! Tribes refused to acknowledge treaty Contradicted old treaties of 5 civilized tribes John Ross-Cherokee leader, submitted to Congress a petition with 15,665 names

9. Trail of Tears Begins May 23, 1838 Cherokee roundup begins Federal troops sent South to enforce removal of Natives October-trail officially begins for Cherokees

10. Trail of Tears for 5 Civilized tribes 1.Choctaws-1831 2.Creeks-1832 3.Chickasaws-1830’s 4.Cherokee- 1838-1839 5.Seminoles-1859