1. SECULAR ENVIRONMENTALISM There are 3 approaches to ecology among secular environmentalists.

2. Homework: Summarise Using page 194-195 and summarise the different ethical responses to the environment. Using page 194-195 and summarise the different ethical responses to the environment. Read and make notes on ‘What’s the best environmental ethic’. Read and make notes on ‘What’s the best environmental ethic’.

3. Definitions – play pictionary Anthropocentric (humanity is central and most important) Anthropocentric (humanity is central and most important) Anthropomorphic (giving human characteristics to God) Anthropomorphic (giving human characteristics to God) Instrumental Value (only valuable because of its importance of something else) Instrumental Value (only valuable because of its importance of something else) Intrinsic value (having a value in and of itself) Intrinsic value (having a value in and of itself)

4. Chernobyl http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Mv7- VA8D60 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Mv7- VA8D60 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Mv7- VA8D60 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Mv7- VA8D60 In 1986, reactor 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Energy plant exploded ‘spewing’ radioactive waste over Russia and parts of Europe. The impact was devastating, environmentally, socially and in health In 1986, reactor 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Energy plant exploded ‘spewing’ radioactive waste over Russia and parts of Europe. The impact was devastating, environmentally, socially and in health How can this kind of anthropocentric attitude be justified? How can this kind of anthropocentric attitude be justified?

5. 1. DEEP ECOLOGY ARNE NAESS (1912-2009) – invented the terms deep ecology and shallow ecology. ARNE NAESS (1912-2009) – invented the terms deep ecology and shallow ecology. His love of the sea first made him realise the importance and integrity of nature, and led him to develop the idea of deep and shallow ecology. His love of the sea first made him realise the importance and integrity of nature, and led him to develop the idea of deep and shallow ecology. Since 1973 ecologists use these terms to describe two different types of environmentalism. Since 1973 ecologists use these terms to describe two different types of environmentalism.

6. Arne Naess

7. Deep Ecology Questions Define the terms deep ecology, ecocentrism and ecosophy and speciesist. Define the terms deep ecology, ecocentrism and ecosophy and speciesist. Make a list/cue card for each of the different philosophers in this topic Make a list/cue card for each of the different philosophers in this topic To what extend it Naess’ deep ecology a religious idea? To what extend it Naess’ deep ecology a religious idea? Design a way to remember the beliefs of Naess and Sessions. Design a way to remember the beliefs of Naess and Sessions. Make a list of changes that would need to be made in the UK to fulfill the suggestions of Naess. Then make a list of changes from the global world. Make a list of changes that would need to be made in the UK to fulfill the suggestions of Naess. Then make a list of changes from the global world.

8. 2. Ecological Extension/Eco-holism Think of all the ‘systems in the world – eg gravity, water cycle’ Make a list of as many as you can. To what extent can the world be seen as symbiotic (symbiosis means the mutually beneficial, where things are dependent on eachother) The belief that the world is a living entity sounds quite bizarre. If it is, what do you think it would feel about humanity now?

9. James Lovelock: Gaia Hypothesis

10. 2: Ecological Extension Questions Define: Ecological Extension or Eco-holism, anthropomorphic, symbiosis, Gaia and Gaia Hypothesis, weak gaia theory. Define: Ecological Extension or Eco-holism, anthropomorphic, symbiosis, Gaia and Gaia Hypothesis, weak gaia theory. Summarise the views of Plato, Aristotle, Bacon, Galileo, Dawkins and Margulis. Summarise the views of Plato, Aristotle, Bacon, Galileo, Dawkins and Margulis. ‘The world is ‘an ego-centric, self-regulating biological organism’ (Lovelock). How far do you accept this view? ‘The world is ‘an ego-centric, self-regulating biological organism’ (Lovelock). How far do you accept this view?

11. 3. SHALLOW ECOLOGY Define shallow ecology, anthropocentric, instrumental value Consider La Bossiere’s perspective on the environment and human responsibility. Is his idea one that is ethical and sustainable. Rainforests are being burned down in the Amazon to provide grazing for cattle, and new land for soya bean crops. Does this serve the best interests of humanity? How would deep ecologists and those who view ecological extension view this?