1. Massive Changes within the Church

2. SocialPoliticalEconomicReligious The Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the church Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe. European princes and kings were jealous of the Church’s wealth. Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt. The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church. Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority. Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church. Many people found Church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable

3.  Church Corruption  Lavish spending  Illiterate priests  Selling of indulgences  Heavy taxing of merchants  Invention of printing press St. Peter’s Basilica- Rome

5.  Calls for reform rise 1300’s-1500’s  Martin Luther: monk credited with beginning the Reformation in 1517  Wrote 95 Thesis, formal statements, against Church  Posted in Wittenberg, Germany Oct. 31, 1517  Printing press spread message

6. 1.Salvation was given only through faith in God’s forgiveness; good works were not needed 2.Pope and Church officials were not authorities; Bible was to lead church teachings 3.People of faith were equal; priests were not needed to interpret the Bible.

7.  1520-Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther  Charles V (HRE)- Issued the Edict of Worms (1521) : declared Luther an outlaw and heretic; ordered that no one in the empire give him food or shelter and all works to be burned  Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony: hid Luther while he translated the New Testament into German

8.  Peasant Revolt (1524): applied Luther’s ideas to society and demanded end to serfdom.  German Princes: either sided with the Pope or Luther (protesting princes = protestant)  1529-1555-War between princes and Charles.  1555- War ends with Peace of Augsburg: Each ruler would determine the religion of his state

9.  Henry VIII  Wanted a son to take the throne  Catholic Church did not allow divorce; asked Pope to annul (set aside) marriage; Pope denied request  Called Parliament to make laws to legalize divorce and recognize Henry as head of England’s Church: Act of Supremacy  Married a total of 6 times; 2 daughters, 1 son  Edward ruled as a child (9-15); Mary returned rule to Catholics

10. 1. Catharine of Aragon (Div), 2. Anne Boleyn (B), 3. Jane Seymour (D) 4. Anne of Cleves (Div), 5. Catherine Howard (B), 6. Katherine Parr (S)

11.  1558: takes throne determined to restore Protestantism  1559: Orders Parliament to set up the Church of England, or Anglican Church, with Elizabeth as head. Only legal church in England.  Blended elements of Catholic and Protestant faiths to appease people

12. King Edward VI, Queen Mary I (Bloody Mary), and Queen Elizabeth I

13.  Religions formed:  Calvinism: In Switzerland. Based on teachings of John Calvin; predestination: belief that God had chosen a few people to be saved at the beginning of time  Presbyterians: Spread of Calvinist ideas to Scotland by John Knox. Named after group of church elders (presbyters)  Anabaptists: Believed baptism should only occur when person was old enough to be aware; persecuted as radicals. Led to Mennonites, Amish, Quakers, and Baptists.

14.  Education efforts increased for both Catholics and Protestants  Roles of women remained the same  Modern nation-states started to form as the power of the Church declined  Laid foundations for the Enlightenment