1. Aleksandra Krivoglazova
Hydropower
Rauno Põldmaa
Marten Lillemäe
Karl Kull
Aleksandra Krivoglazova
Sander Orasi

2. Water cycle
Understanding the water cycle is important in order to understand hydropower. The energy driving the water cycle comes from radiant energy released by the sun that heats the water and causes it to evaporate.

3. Gravitational energy
In addition to the water cycle, hydropower is dependent upon stored gravitational energy. A rock on top of a hill contains potential energy because of its position. If a force pushes the rock, it rolls down the hill because of the force of gravity. Potential energy is then converted to kinetic energy until it reaches the bottom of the hill and stops.

4. Humans have used the power of moving water for more than 2,000 years
Humans have used the power of moving water for more than 2,000 years. The first references to water mills are found in Greek, Roman, and Chinese texts. They described vertical waterwheels in rivers and streams. These traditional waterwheels turned as the river flowed, turning millstones that ground grains.
In the late 1700s, an American named Oliver Evans designed a mill that combined gears, shafts and conveyors. After grain was ground, it could be transported around the mill. The invention led to waterwheels being the main power source for sawmills, textile mills and forges through the 19th century.
In 1826, a French engineer, Jean Victor Poncolet, designed an even more efficient water wheel. The wheel was enclosed so the water flowed through the wheel instead of around it.

5. World’s first hydropower plant
In 1880, the Grand Rapids Electric Light and Power Company used a water turbine to generate enough electricity to power 16 lights. Soon after, in 1882, the world’s first hydroelectric power plant began operation on the Fox River in Appleton, WI. The plant, later named the Appleton Edison Light Company, was initiated by Appleton paper manufacturer H.F. Rogers, who had been inspired by Thomas Edison's plans for an electricity-producing station in New York. When you look at rushing waterfalls and rivers, you may not immediately think of electricity but hydroelectric power plants are responsible for lighting many of our homes and neighborhoods.

6. Types Conventional hydroelectric, referring to hydroelectric dams.
Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity, which captures the kinetic energy in rivers or streams, without a large reservoir and sometimes without the use of dams.
Small hydro projects are 10 megawatts or less and often have no artificial reservoirs.
Micro hydro projects provide a few kilowatts to a few hundred kilowatts to isolated homes, villages, or small industries.
Conduit hydroelectricity projects utilize water which has already been diverted for use elsewhere; in a municipal water system, for example.
Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores water pumped uphill into reservoirs during periods of low demand to be released for generation when demand is high or system generation is low.

7. Run-of-the-river power plants/river power plants
Most common,
Use the flow energy of river
Capacity is determined by the gradient and the water level

8. Storage power plants Water is stored in a natural or artificial lake
It is being feed via pipelines into a lower-lying power plant

9. Pumped storage power plants
Two reservoirs upper and lower
Water is being pumped from lower to upper with solar or wind energy

10. Types of power plants for exploiting marine energy
Kinetic energy of waves

11. Turbines
The type of turbine used depends on the rate of flow and head height (pressure) of the water.

12. Francis turbine Oldest turbine
Used primarily in small hydropower plants
Suitable for low drop heights and medium flow rates

13. Hydrodynamic screws Work on the principle of the Archimedes screw
Used for small drop heights and low capacities

14. Kaplan and bulb turbines
Common types of turbine for run of the river power plants with small drop heights
Suitable for fluctuating water volumes

15. Pelton turbine Free stream turbine
Used for high drop heights ( m)
Low water volumes

16. Cross flow turbines Used for low drop heights and low water volumes
Small capacity

17. Power categories Depend upon the water flow rate and drop height
Efficiency of water turbine
Geat mechanism
Generator and transformer

18. Micro: 1kW – 100kW
Mini: 100kW – 1000kW
Small 1000kW – 10000kW

19. World installed hydropower capacity 1. Europe
Total installed capacity: GW
Norway - Of the total production in 2011 of  GWh, GWh was from hydroelectric plants
96% is renewable energy!!!
World installed hydropower capacity This interactive map shows the latest available data for national hydropower installed capacities
Hydropower is a mature and cost-competitive renewable energy source. It plays an important role in today’s electricity mix, contributing to more than 16% of electricity generation worldwide and about 85% of global renewable electricity.
TOTAL installed capacity: 1036 GW (China, brazil, USA, Canada, Russia)
Installed hydropower capacity in gigawatts (GW) in 2014
Source:

20. World installed hydropower capacity 2. North America 3. South America
Source:
Source:
Total capacity: GW
Total capacity: GW

21. World installed hydropower capacity 4. Africa
Total installed capacity: GW
Potential in Africa may be as high as 95%
Sub-Saharan Africa has 300 GW of undeveloped hydro potential
Lack of available investment capita
The Nile is the world’s longest river, making it one of Africa’s greatest potential sources of hydropower.
Source:

22. World installed hydropower capacity 5. East Asia and Pacific
Total installed capacity GW
Asia is experiencing a boom in hydropower development
Asia is the richest hydropower region in the world in terms of potential; however, there are quite different rates of utilisation.
Source:

23. World installed hydropower capacity 6. Central Asia
Total installed capacity GW
Source:

24. Hydropower Resource Potential
Since most precipitation usually falls in mountainous areas, where elevation differences (head) are the largest, the largest potential for hydropower development is in mountainous regions, or in rivers coming from such regions.
Africa has a large technical potential and could develop 11 times its current level of hydroelectric generation in the region.
Source: Hydropower. In IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation

25. Estonian Hydroenegy Area - 45 226 km² Estonia has a flat topography
We have a lot of small rivers with small flow
Therefore, Estonia's hydropower potential is quite low

26. Estonian Hydroenegy History:
1893-Estonian first hydropower plant in Kunda
Before World War II hydropower got big proportion of Estonia´s energy Balance. Hydropower plants total capacity was 9,343 MW and their production was 28,770 GWh/y, (28,6% of the overall energy balance).
During the war, most of the hydropower plants were destroyed.
Now:
47 different hydroelectric power stations which are connected to Estonia's electricity grids
The total capacity of the electricity-generated hydro plants is 8,09 MW (Total electrical capacity is 1600MW in Estonia), In 2014 we produced 26,7 GWh/year
Narva hydro power station (125 MW) - Russian-owned

27. Estonian Hydroenegy Red- 0,2…3 MW Yellow- 0,025…0,2 MW
Green- 0…0,025 MW

28. Estonian Hydroenegy Example: Linnamäe hydroelectric power plant
Built in 1924
re-built in 2002
1152 kW
Pressure - 10m

29. Estonian Hydroenegy
Estonian rivers have still suitable places for the new stations and Estonian energy sector development plan found that Estonia is able to achieve up to 15 MW of hydropower capacity.
The payback time would be too long with current electrical prices and it would be economically unefficent
It would not have big potential in the future for Estonia

30. Cons Environmental damage Expensive to build Drought
Floods in low-lying areas
Low water supply
Disturbance of habitat
Installation costs
Limited use
Deposit of silt
Disputes between people

31. Pros Renewable Clean Reliable and stable Low operating cost
Demand matching
Realtively safe
Sufficient to buffer seasonal or multi-seasonal changes in river flows

33. Run-of-river hydropowerplant

34. Run-of-river hydropowerplant
No storage (very little)
Generation depends on the timing and size of river flows
Does have ‘’pondage’’ but only for hours or a day.

35. Reservoir (storage) hydropowerplant

36. Reservoir (storage) hydropowerplant
Ability to store water behind the dam
De-couples generation from hydro inflows
Capacities canbe small or big

37. Pumped storage hydropower

38. Pumped storage hydropower
Uses off-peak electricity to pump water from a reservoir located after the tailrace to the top of the reservoir.
Pumped storage plant can generate peak times and provide grid stability and flexible service.
2,2% - USA
18 % - Japan
19% - Austria

40. Planning There has been relatively little systematic collection of
Typical installed costs and LCOE of hydropower projects
Installed costs (USD/kW)
Operation and maintenance (USD/year of installed cost)
Capacity factor
LCOE (USD/kWh)
Large hydro
2-2,5
25 to 90
Small hydro
1-4
20 to 95
Refurbishment/upgrade
1-6
There has been relatively little systematic collection of
data on the historical trends of hydropower costs, at least
in the publically available literature (IPCC, 2011).

41. Top ten countries

42. Project developement costs
Feasibility assessments
Environmental impact analysis
Licensing
Fish and wildlife/biodiversity mitigation
Recreation amenities
Historical an archaeological mitigation
Water quality monitoring and mitigation

43. Cost breakdown Dam and reservoir construction
Tunneling and canal construction
Powerhouse construction
Site access infrastrucutre
Grid connection
Engineering and construction

44. Cost breakdown

45. Investment costs as a function of installed capacity and turbine head

46. Average levelised cost of electricity for small hydropower in Europe

47. Average levelised cost of electricity for small hydropower in the World

48. Thank you !