1. GEOL 553 LECTURE 19 Biological Evidence Microfossils Microfossils Pollen Pollen Diatom Diatom Macrofossils Macrofossils Plants Plants Insects Insects Mollusca & Ostracoda & Foraminifera & Coccolithophores Mollusca & Ostracoda & Foraminifera & Coccolithophores Mammalia Mammalia Lab: Age Modeling: Radiocarbon Lab: Age Modeling: Radiocarbon Discussion: NSF Grant Proposal Guide Discussion: NSF Grant Proposal Guide

3. Biological Records of Climate Change Nature of Record: Nature of Record: Macrofossils Macrofossils Microfossils Microfossils Biomolecular (DNA) Biomolecular (DNA) Taphonomy Taphonomy In-situ In-situ Selective transport Selective transport Differential degradation Differential degradation Interpretation of Assemblages Interpretation of Assemblages Modern Analogue Modern Analogue Ecosystems Ecosystems Paleobiology: single vs. multi proxy Paleobiology: single vs. multi proxy PollenDiatomPlantInsectMoluscaForaminifera Micropaleontology deep sea Vertebrate remains

4. Biological Records of Climate Change: Pollen The analysis of fossil evidence employs uniformitarian principles, namely that knowledge of the factors that influence the abundance and distribution of contemporary organisms enables inferences to be made about the dominant environmental controls on plant and animal populations in the past. Subsample of a pollen assemblage typical of last cold stage deposits from the site of St Front, France.

5. Relative pollen diagram showing variations in abundance of principal taxa in a lake sediment sequence

6. Pollen concentration diagram for some of the taxa represented in relative proportions in previous Figure. Spike of “Exotic” Pollen

7. Pollen accumulation rate (PAR) diagram

9. The changing vegetation cover of the eastern USA from 18 ka to present. The changing vegetation cover of the eastern USA from 18 ka to present. Isopollen maps (sometimes referred to as ‘isochrone maps’), provide ‘snapshots’ of regional vegetation cover for selected time periods

10. Biological Records of Climate Change: Diatom procedures employed to derive quantitative lake-water pH reconstructions from fossil diatom records

11. BIDI = Brackish Intertidal Diatom Index 0 – 1 0 = lower elevation 1 = higher elevation

12. Diatoms are microscopic, unicellular members of the Bacillariophyta of the algal kingdom

13. A marine incursion (positive sea-level tendency) as reflected in a diatom assemblage

14. Biological Records of Climate Change: Plant Macrofossil

16. Biological Records of Climate Change: Insect Remains Subfossil Coleopteran sclerites recovered by flotation from peat deposits overlying a Bronze Age occupation site near Ballyarnet Lake, Co. Derry, Northern Ireland.

17. Since the entire insect fossil is rarely recovered from the sediment body (commonly identification is made on an elytron [wing cover] or thorax, or even a small fragment of an elytron), keys to identification are of limited value and identifications require careful comparisons with modern specimens.

18. Late Glacial South Wales, UK Warmest = FU-2 Cooler = FU-3 Coldest = FU-4 (Younger Dryas) Thermophiles FU-5

19. Beetles v Trees Central England Augment Palynological Analyses

20. Present-day European distributions of four coleopteran species found in Lateglacial deposits.

21. Mutual Climate Range method MCR Test

22. Generalized Climate Curves

23. Biological Records of Climate Change: Nonmarine Mollusca

26. Biological Records of Climate Change: Marine Mollusca Examples of some common marine bivalves of the North Atlantic

27. Distribution of marine zoogeographical provinces in the Northeast Atlantic: a) present time; b) during the Eemian (Last) Interglacial.

29. Biological Records of Climate Change: Ostracoda Climatically significant ostracods from the Pleistocene of the British Isles

31. Biological Records of Climate Change: Foraminifera

33. Planktonic foraminiferal provinces in the modern ocean showing the close relationship between sea- surface temperature gradients and species abundances.

40. Biological Records of Climate Change: Micropaleontology Deep Sea

42. Biological Records of Climate Change: Megafauna