1. Psychology 3051 Psychology 305: Theories of Personality Lecture 14

2. Psychology 3052 1. I will have additional office hours tomorrow for the purpose of exam preparation. I will be available in my office (Kenny, 2517) at: 10:00-12:00 and 2:00- 3:00. 2. Our second exam is scheduled for next class— Thursday, July 8 th (6:00-8:00 PM). Please note the following points for the exam: Announcements

3. Psychology 3053 The exam will include 30 multiple choice questions (1 point each) and several short answer questions (ranging in value from 2 – 6 points each). It will be scored out of 50 points. Be sure to bring a pencil, eraser, pen, and your student ID to the exam. Note that hats (e.g., baseball caps) should not be worn during the exam. All electronic devices must be put away; the time will be monitored in 5 minute increments on the overhead projector.

4. Psychology 3054 Neoanalytic Perspective on Personality, continued 10. How are attachment styles assessed in adults? (continued) Lecture 14 Questions That Will Be Answered In Today’s Lecture

5. Psychology 3055 3. Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ; Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994)  Assesses secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing attachment styles.  Bartholomew argued that the AAQ conflates two theoretically distinct forms of avoidance—fearful- avoidance and dismissing-avoidance. (continued) How are attachment styles assessed in adults?

6. Psychology 3056  According to Bartholomew, fearful-avoidant and dismissing-avoidant individuals differ in the positivity of their self-views.  This is exemplified in Bartholomew’s 2-dimensional model of attachment:

7. Psychology 3057 MODEL OF SELF MODEL OF OTHER Positive Negative SECURE FEARFULPREOCCUPIED DISMISSING

8. Psychology 3058  The RSQ contains short statements drawn from several attachment measures, including the AAQ.  Respondents use a 5-point scale to rate the extent to which each statement describes their feelings about close relationships.

9. Psychology 3059  Scores for each attachment style are derived by taking the mean of the items representing each attachment prototype.  See questionnaire administered in class.

10. Psychology 30510 Your “RSQ” Score 1: Score 2: Score 3: Score 4: Secure attachment score Preoccupied attachment score Fearful attachment score Dismissing attachment score

11. Psychology 30511 Adolf Hitler: Discussion Questions 1. Freud suggested that personality is comprised of 3 components—the id, the ego, and the superego. Which of these components do you think dominated Hitler’s personality? 2. Do you think that Hitler was primarily driven by life instincts (eros) or death instincts (thanatos)? 3. Do you think that Hitler was fixated at an early stage of psychosexual development? If so, at what stage? What experiences or personality characteristics lead you to believe that he was fixated at this stage? Analysis of the Personality of a Dictator

12. Psychology 30512 Discussion Questions, continued 4. Which defense mechanisms do you think Hitler used? Generate examples to illustrate his use of these defense mechanisms. 5. How can Adler’s concepts of inferiority feelings, superiority strivings, and lifestyles be applied to Hitler? 6.Which of Loevinger’s stages of ego development did Hitler pass through during the course of his life? 7.Speculate upon Hitler’s attachment style as an adult.

13. Psychology 30513 1. The Id: Encompasses drives and instincts. Operates according to the pleasure principle. Engages in primary process thought. Cannot tolerate delay in gratification or follow logic. Freud’s 3 components of personality: 2. The Ego: Primary task is to express the drives and instincts of the id in an effective and safe manner. Operates according to the reality principle. Engages in secondary process thought. Does not abide by any moral code.

14. Psychology 30514 3. The Superego: Encompasses values, morals, and ideals internalized from one’s parents. Primary tasks are to (a) inhibit drives or instincts of the id that would be frowned upon by one’s parents, (b) ensure that the ego acts morally rather than merely logically, and (c) provide standards of perfection toward which to strive (often unrealistic).

15. Psychology 30515 1. Oral Stage (0 – 18 months) Freud’s stages of psychosexual development:  Main conflict at this stage occurs when the infant is weaned from the breast. 2.Anal Stage (18 months – 3 years)  Main conflict at this stage occurs when the child is toilet trained.

16. Psychology 30516 3. Phallic Stage (3 – 5 years) Fixation results in poor moral development in both males and females.  Main conflict at this stage is referred to as the Oedipus Complex for boys and the Electra Complex for girls.

17. Psychology 30517 4. Latency Stage (6 years – puberty) There are no specific conflicts at this time; a stage of relative calm, in which there is little psychological growth. There are no specific conflicts at this time; the stage of “psychosexual maturity,” at which point the individual is transformed into a “well-socialized, caring adult.” 5. Genital Stage (puberty – adulthood)

18. Psychology 30518 Freud’s defense mechanisms: 1. Repression: Occurs when information that was once recognized by the conscious mind is forced into the unconscious mind because it is threatening. 2. Denial: Occurs when an individual denies the reality of information that is threatening, despite evidence to the contrary. Thus, the information is never consciously accepted. 3. Projection: Occurs when an individual projects unconscious, unacceptable qualities onto another object or person.

19. Psychology 30519 4. Reaction Formation: Occurs when an individual behaves in a manner that is the direct opposite of his/her unconscious, unacceptable impulses. 5. Displacement: Occurs when an individual redirects an unconscious, unacceptable impulse to another, less threatening object or person. 6. Rationalization: Occurs when an individual provides a rational and acceptable “post-hoc” explanation for a behaviour that was motivated by unconscious, unacceptable impulses.

20. Psychology 30520 7. Intellectualization: Occurs when an individual emotionally dissociates him/herself from unconscious, unacceptable impulses by thinking about events related to the impulse in a cold and analytical manner. 8. Regression: Occurs when an individual adopts coping strategies that were effective in an earlier, less frustrating stage of development. The individual retreats to more immature patterns of behaviour and gratification.

21. Psychology 30521 9. Identification: Occurs when an individual incorporates another person’s values, opinions, ideas, and skills as a whole, “taking in” the other person’s personality. 10. Sublimation: Occurs when an individual channels unconscious, unacceptable impulses into socially desirable activities.

22. Psychology 30522 Adler’s concepts: 1. Inferiority feelings: Feelings of inadequacy that first arise during childhood due to our dependency upon others. 2. Superiority strivings: Efforts to compensate for inferiority feelings; reflects the desire to be competent in whatever one strives to do and to actualize one’s potential; continuously cycles with inferiority feelings to produce the “great upward drive.”

23. Psychology 30523 3. Lifestyles: The primary means by which one attempts to compensate for inferiority feelings (i.e., strive for superiority); established in childhood. Adler identified 4 primary lifestyles—1 “healthy” lifestyle and 3 “mistaken” lifestyles: The socially useful lifestyle: Characterized by social interest and activity and a desire to resolve problems in a socially responsible way; a “healthy” lifestyle.

24. Psychology 30524 The getting lifestyle: Characterized by greed and an excessive dependency upon others; a “mistaken” lifestyle. The avoiding lifestyle: Characterized by inactivity, a lack of interest, and a fear of involvement; a “mistaken” lifestyle. The ruling lifestyle: Characterized by little social interest or inaccurate cultural perceptions and a desire to dominate or rule others; a “mistaken” lifestyle.

25. Psychology 30525 4. Inferiority complex: A psychological condition that exists when one is overwhelmed by inferiority feelings; may result in stagnation (i.e., lack of strivings) or in overcompensation (i.e., inappropriate strivings). 5. Superiority complex: A psychological condition that exists when one concentrates too much on his or her own need to strive while ignoring the needs of others; reflects overcompensation; such an individual tends to be vain, domineering, and arrogant.

26. Psychology 30526 Loevinger’s Stages of Ego Development 1. Symbiotic stage: Work to acquire a sense of separation between self and non-self. 3. Self-protective stage: Begins to grasp rules, but only as guides to avoid punishment; no moral sense; personal expediency, opportunism. 2. Impulsive stage: Assertion of self through impulse expression; relationships with others are exploitive, for own needs.

27. Psychology 30527 4. Conformist stage: Rules adopted because they are accepted by group; concerned with appearing properly to the social group. 6. Conscientious stage: Use of self-evaluated standards rather than group’s norms; realization that events have multiple meanings. 5. Self-aware stage: Realization that rules have exceptions; increased introspection, with increased awareness that own behaviour isn’t perfect.

28. Psychology 30528 7. Individualistic stage: Clearer sense of individuality; greater tolerance for individual differences. 9. Integrated stage: Conflicting demands have been resolved; not just tolerance, but intense appreciation of others’ viewpoints. 8. Autonomous stage: Realization of interdependency among people; awareness of conflicts among one’s own needs; recognition of others’ need for autonomy; search for self-fulfillment.