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4. The First Americans African and Asian Origins Paleo-Indian Hunters Early Inhabitants of the Americas Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > Early Inhabitants of the Americas Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/u-s- history?campaign_content=book_298_section_33&campaign_term=U.S.+History&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source= boundless

5. Beringia was an Ice Age land bridge that united the Eastern and Western hemispheres between Siberia and Alaska. During the last Ice Age, The First Americans Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-history-textbook/pre-columbian-america-before-1492-1/early-inhabitants-of-the- americas-33/the-first-americans-236- 9427?campaign_content=book_298_section_33&campaign_term=U.S.+History&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=b oundless Bering Land Bridge View on Boundless.com Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > Early Inhabitants of the Americas

6. Asian nomads are thought to have entered the Americas via the Bering Land Bridge (Beringia), now the Bering Strait, and possibly via watercraft along the Northwest coast. Coastal or "watercraft" theories have broad implications, one being that Paleo- Indians in North America may not have been purely terrestrial big-game hunters, but instead were already adapted to maritime or semi-maritime lifestyles. There is some evidence that modern humans left Africa at least 125,000 years ago, arriving in southern China about 100,000 years ago. According to the Recent African Origin hypothesis, a small group of the early humans living in East Africa migrated across the Red Sea about 70 millennia ago, going on to populate the rest of the world. African and Asian Origins Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-history-textbook/pre-columbian-america-before-1492-1/early-inhabitants-of-the- americas-33/african-and-asian-origins-237- 9426?campaign_content=book_298_section_33&campaign_term=U.S.+History&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=b oundless Asiatic Migration View on Boundless.com Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > Early Inhabitants of the Americas

7. The Paleo-Indians carried highly efficient, fluted-style spear points as well as microblades used for butchering and hide-processing. For Paleo-Indians, traveling light during frequent moves was a more efficient utilization of calories than hunting and foraging farther and farther away from more permanent encampments. As the climate changed and megafauna became extinct, Paleo-Indians were forced to employ a mixed foraging strategy that included smaller terrestrial game, aquatic animals, and a variety of flora. Paleo-Indian Hunters Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-history-textbook/pre-columbian-america-before-1492-1/early-inhabitants-of-the- americas-33/paleo-indian-hunters-238- 10312?campaign_content=book_298_section_33&campaign_term=U.S.+History&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source= boundless Paleo-Indian Hunters View on Boundless.com Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > Early Inhabitants of the Americas

8. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

9. Key terms Beringia The Bering land bridge was roughly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) wide (north to south) at its greatest extent, which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia at various times during the Pleistocene ice ages. Beringia The Bering land bridge was a land bridge roughly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) wide (north to south) at its greatest extent, which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia at various times during the Pleistocene ice ages. Eritrea Country in Eastern Africa. Official name: State of Eritrea. Its capital city is Asmara. flora plants considered as a group, especially those of a particular country, region, time, etc. megafauna the large animals of a given region or time, considered as a group mitochondrial DNA The genetic material, inherited by cloning from one's mother, contained within the mitochondria of each of one's cells. nomadic leading a wandering life with no fixed abode; peripatetic, itinerant Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492

10. Crossing the Red Sea There is some evidence that modern humans left Africa at least 125,000 years before present (BP) using two different routes: the Nile Valley heading to the Middle East - at least into modern Israel - and a second route through the present-day Bab-el-Mandeb Strait on the Red Sea Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Red Sea2." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Sea2.png View on Boundless.comCC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Sea2.pngView on Boundless.com Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492

11. Asiatic Migration One theory suggests that Southeast Asians followed the coast lines from the Kuril Islands to Alaska. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Sea of Okhotsk map." GNU FDL http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_of_Okhotsk_map.png View on Boundless.comGNU FDLhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_of_Okhotsk_map.pngView on Boundless.com Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492

12. Spreading Homo Sapiens Map of early human migrations based on the Out of Africa theory Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Spreading homo sapiens." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spreading_homo_sapiens.svg View on Boundless.comCC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spreading_homo_sapiens.svgView on Boundless.com Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492

13. Bering Land Bridge It is believed that a small Paleo-Indian population of a few thousand survived the Last Glacial Maximum in Beringia. This group was isolated from its ancestor populations in Asia for at least 5,000 years before expanding to populate the Americas sometime after 16,500 years ago. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Beringia - late wisconsin glaciation." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beringia_-_late_wisconsin_glaciation.gif View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beringia_-_late_wisconsin_glaciation.gifView on Boundless.com Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492

14. Paleo-Indian Hunters The Lithic peoples, or Paleo-Indians, were nomadic hunter-gatherers and are the earliest known humans of the Americas. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Glyptodon old drawing." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glyptodon_old_drawing.jpg View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glyptodon_old_drawing.jpgView on Boundless.com Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492

15. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 It is generally agreed that the first Americans came from ________ across the ________. A) Asia, Bering Strait B) Europe, Atlantic Ocean C) Australia, Pacific Ocean D) Africa, Red Sea

16. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 It is generally agreed that the first Americans came from ________ across the ________. A) Asia, Bering Strait B) Europe, Atlantic Ocean C) Australia, Pacific Ocean D) Africa, Red Sea

17. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 Recent studies suggest a possible genetic link between Native Americans and the people of A) Australia and the Pacific Islands B) Asia and Africa C) Africa and Eastern Europe D) Asia and Europe

18. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 Recent studies suggest a possible genetic link between Native Americans and the people of A) Australia and the Pacific Islands B) Asia and Africa C) Africa and Eastern Europe D) Asia and Europe

19. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 The first Americas responded to rising temperatures in the northern part of the continent by: A) Migrating to Alaska alongside herds of megafauna B) Developing the Clovis culture, which used mixed foraging strategies C) Establishing large mobile communities that used mixed foraging strategies D) Establishing small mobile groups of big game hunters

20. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 The first Americas responded to rising temperatures in the northern part of the continent by: A) Migrating to Alaska alongside herds of megafauna B) Developing the Clovis culture, which used mixed foraging strategies C) Establishing large mobile communities that used mixed foraging strategies D) Establishing small mobile groups of big game hunters

21. Attribution Wikipedia. "Settlement of the Americas." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_of_the_AmericasCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas Wiktionary. "Eritrea." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/EritreaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Eritrea Wiktionary. "mitochondrial DNA." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mitochondrial+DNACC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mitochondrial+DNA Wikipedia. "Beringia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeringiaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia Wikipedia. "Early human migrations." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_human_migrations#Exodus_from_AfricaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_human_migrations#Exodus_from_Africa Wikipedia. "Pre-Columbian era." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#Asiatic_migrationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#Asiatic_migration Wikipedia. "Settlement of the Americas." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_of_the_AmericasCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas Wikipedia. "Pre-Columbian era." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_eraCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era Wiktionary. "nomadic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nomadicCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nomadic Wikipedia. "Beringia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeringiaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia Wikipedia. "Origins of Paleoindians." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_PaleoindiansCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_Paleoindians Wikipedia. "Native Americans in the United States." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States#Pre-ColumbianCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States#Pre-Columbian Wikibooks. "US History/Pre-Columbian." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/US_History/Pre- Columbian#Early_Inhabitants_of_the_AmericasCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/US_History/Pre- Columbian#Early_Inhabitants_of_the_Americas Wikipedia. "Paleo-Indians." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-IndiansCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Indians Wiktionary. "flora." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/floraCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flora Wiktionary. "megafauna." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/megafaunaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/megafauna Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492