1. Second Punic War Between the Wars 239-219 BCE

2. Between the Wars 239-218 1. Mercenary War in Africa (240-237) 2. Rome takes Sardinia and Corsica 3. Carthaginian conquests in Iberia 4. Hannibal attacks Saguntum (in Iberia)

3. Mercenary War in Africa  Fought between Carthaginian mercenaries and Carthaginian army 240-237 BCE  Following the First Punic War, Carthaginian mercenaries arrive back in Carthage (Africa) were they expected to be paid.  Carthage’s treasury was low in funds – 1 st Punic War.  Carthage allocated the mercenaries land – mercenaries thought that the government was trying to avoid its obligations and waged war on Carthage.  Mercenaries take Tunis (city near Carthage)  Hamilcar and Hanno capture Tunis and re-establish Carthage’s control over its African territories.  Rome maintains friendly relations with Carthage during this time – send supplies, trade embargo on rebels, release Carthaginian prisoners, refused offer to take over Sardinia from Carthage.

4. Rome: Sardinia and Corsica  237 BCE – Roman attitude to Carthage changes after the end of Mercenary War.  Rome seizes control of Sardinia from Carthage.  Carthage protested that Roman action was in breach of the peace treaty of 241 BCE.  Rome regarded this an act of war and issued an ultimatum which the Carthaginians had no choice but to accept, giving all further control to Rome.  227 BCE – Sardinia and Corsica become Roman provinces – governed by an annually elected Praetor.  Rome seized Sardinia and Corsica (possibly) because:  They thought that under the Carthaginians it would pose a permanent threat to Etruria, Latium and Campania - it was central to the security of Italy

5. Carthaginian conquests in Iberia  Carthage: loss of Sardinia and Corsica caused a loss of revenue, resources, personal wealth, and jobs. Therefore:  Needed to find alternative source of revenue,  Needed to ensure they were adequately prepared for future ‘attacks’ from Rome,  Necessary for Carthage in the national interest to embark on a program of overseas expansion.

7. Hamilcar Barca - Spain  Sent to take control of Iberia  Increased army through voluntary and forced enlistment.  Army was well trained, experienced and funded.  Told Roman envoys he was seeking resources to pay its indemnities to Rome.

8. Possible advantages of Iberia for Carthage Revenue for repayments to Rome – 1 st Punic War Militarily – as a base for future attack on Italy Militarily – Source of manpower for the armies Trade and resources to recoup losses – Sardinia and Corsica

9. Hasdrubal  Son-in-law to Hamilcar  Used diplomacy instead of force to further aims instigated by Hamilcar.  Founded New Carthage – headquarters in Iberia.  Signed the Ebro River Treaty (226BCE) with Rome, which, in summary meant:  Carthage could not cross the Ebro River  Rome did not intend to oppose Hasdrubal (south of the Ebro River)  It created good relations between Rome and Carthage  Neither side was prevented from having peaceful relations with cities on either side (Saguntum and Rome allied from 231 BCE)

10. Hannibal Exploits in Iberia

11. Hannibal – exploits in Iberia  Took over command in Iberia in 221 BCE following the assassination of Hasdrubal.  He continued and consolidated the work started by his father and brother-in-law.  Undertook operations against the Vaccaei  Took control of Carpentani region  Eventually controlled all of Iberia south of the Ebro River – except Saguntum (allied to Rome)

13. For Friday or Homework  Please read page 124-130 of Bradley and answer the question:  Why did Hannibal attack Saguntum knowing that it would mean war with Rome?