1. ANATOMY UNIT 1 NOTES: Hearing & Equilibrium

2. (1) Ear Design Ear is a well designed funnel: –Sound waves spiral down into auditory canal. –Sound Waves smack against ear drum (tympanic membrane). Sound Path: 1.Inside ear 2.Tympanic Membrane (Ear Drum) 3.Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup (3 Bones) 4.Oval Window of Cochlea 5.Fluid within Cochlea 6.Cochlear Nerve and Brain

5. (2) Cochlea Cochlea = Snail like structure in inner Ear. Contains receptors for balance and equilibrium. Contains receptors for pitch and frequency.

8. (3) Equilibrium & Balance Your ears keep track of your body’s position. Equilibrium receptors lie within the cochlea (they are called the Vestibular Apparati). 2 Types of Equilibrium: –Static –Dynamic

9. (4) Static Equilibrium Static = Tells brain the basic position of head. –Up, Down, Left, Right, Forward, Back Uses Receptors called the Macuale: –On top of maculae lies the otolithic membrane (gel-like membrane) –When Head Moves  Otoliths Move! –Movement of otoliths places pressure on maculae, sending message through vestibular nerve to brain.

11. (5) Dynamic Equilibrium Dynamic = Tells brain the more detailed positioning and movement of the head. –Rotations and Angles Uses the Semicircular Canals of Cochlea: –Contain channels called Crista Ampullari. –Crista Ampullari contain receptor cells, endolymph fluid and a capula cap. –When head turns, fluid pushes against capula cap, stimulating receptors, and sending message to brain.

13. (6) Motion Sickness The result of an inefficient dynamic equilibrium… –Receptors either too sensitive or too slow at sending messages Cause: –Too many visual messages –Too many inner ear messages –Visual conflicts with Inner Ear Unique to each individual

14. (7) Deafness Deaf = Any hearing loss Types: –Conduction –Sensorineural

15. (8) Conduction Deafness Something Blocks Tympanic Membrane Sound Waves cannot reach Ear Drum + Inner Ear Causes: –Ear Wax –Ruptured Ear Drum –Injured Hammer, Anvil and/or Stirrup Usually Temporary, Solved by Surgery

16. (9) Sensorineural Deafness Damage to actual parts of ears: –Receptor Cells –Cochlea –Vestibular Nerve Can be hereditary, damage from disease/virus, damage from loud noises Often permanent