1. FOSSIL FUELS I PETROLEUM

2. Should the Keystone XL pipeline be built? 1. Yes 2. No

3. Should ANWR be opened up to oil drilling 1. Yes 2. No

4. Approximately 81% of the energy used in the US comes from fossil fuels Approximately 81% of the energy used in the US comes from fossil fuels  Oil and Natural Gas (Petroleum)  Coal  Oil Shale and Tar Sand  Nonrenewable Resource (Fuel)

5. Formation Process Formation takes 10’s to 100’s of million years. Formation takes 10’s to 100’s of million years. 1. Dead plants and animals accumulate on ancient sea floor. 2. Sandstone layer forms over source bed. 3. Pressure and temperature result in a loss of oxygen in the compounds

6. 4. Results in various hydrocarbons (organic compounds composed mostly hydrogen and carbon). These can be solid, liquid, or gas. 5. Liquid and gas migrate through porous rock layer (sand stone) until they get caught in a trap or escape.

7. Types of Oil Traps Fold Salt Dome Fold Salt Dome

8. Faults

9. La Brea Tar Pits

10. Example of petroleum (asphalt) seeping to the surface Example of petroleum (asphalt) seeping to the surface Los Angeles Los Angeles Many fossils from the Pleistocene Many fossils from the Pleistocene –Ended with temperature decline in Younger Dryas

11. 1 st Oil Well Titusville PA

12. Drake Well First commercial oil well 1859 First commercial oil well 1859 Titusville, PA Titusville, PA Importance is that it prompted additional drilling Importance is that it prompted additional drilling

13. Typical Deposit A few miles across A few miles across Approximately 1 mile down (sometimes more. Approximately 1 mile down (sometimes more. VERY HARD TO FIND

14. Tools for Searching for Deposits Gravitational/Magnetic Anomalies Gravitational/Magnetic Anomalies Easy to do over a wide area, but is a very coarse measurement. Good to pick out regions for further study Geological Survey Geological Survey Look at the rocks and minerals in the region. Certain types are indicative of hydrocarbon deposits.

15. Seismic Survey Gives a detailed picture of the subsurface Gives a detailed picture of the subsurface Very expensive Very expensive Used over limited but promising areas. Used over limited but promising areas.

16. Example Seismic Image

17. Geologic Map

18. Petroleum Geologists at Work

19. Eventually you must drill a wildcat well. (1 st well in a region.) Eventually you must drill a wildcat well. (1 st well in a region.) Even with all of the research, only 1 out of 9 wildcat wells results in a commercially viable well. Even with all of the research, only 1 out of 9 wildcat wells results in a commercially viable well. Historically, it takes about 11 years for a new discovery to begin producing. Historically, it takes about 11 years for a new discovery to begin producing. Drilling an oil well Drilling an oil well Drilling an oil well Drilling an oil well

20. Eventually you must drill a wildcat well. (1 st well in a region.) Eventually you must drill a wildcat well. (1 st well in a region.) Even with all of the research, only 1 out of 9 wildcat wells results in a commercially viable well. Even with all of the research, only 1 out of 9 wildcat wells results in a commercially viable well. Historically, it takes about 11 years for a new discovery to begin producing. Historically, it takes about 11 years for a new discovery to begin producing. Drilling an oil well Drilling an oil well Drilling an oil well Drilling an oil well

21. Typical Oil Rig

22. Which of the following is not a typical oil trap? 1. Fault 2. Fold 3. Fracture 4. Salt Dome

23. US Oil & Gas Locations

24. US Onshore Oil & Gas Production Locations

25. US Total Oil & Gas Production Locations

26. Production Primary Recovery gets 15% of oil Primary Recovery gets 15% of oil Secondary Recovery (pumping water down the well) gets another 20%. Secondary Recovery (pumping water down the well) gets another 20%. 65% is still down there. 65% is still down there.

27. Enhanced Production Much more expensive Much more expensive Works by reducing surface tension and viscosity of the oil Works by reducing surface tension and viscosity of the oil

28. Enhanced Production Methods Pump in pressurized carbon dioxide to reduce viscosity Pump in pressurized carbon dioxide to reduce viscosity Pump in steam to reduce viscosity Pump in steam to reduce viscosity Add detergent to reduce surface tension with surrounding rock (then flood with water. Add detergent to reduce surface tension with surrounding rock (then flood with water.

29. With enhanced oil production techniques how much oil can be extracted? 1. 15% 2. 20% 3. 35% 4. 45%

30. What is in Oil Hydrocarbons, These are the Alkanes C n H 2n+2 The proportion of hydrocarbons in the petroleum mixture is highly variable between different oil fields and ranges from as much as 97% by weight in the lighter oils to as little as 50% in the heavier oils and bitumens.oil fieldsbitumens

31. Generally we must treat oil from the ground Fractional Distillation: The vapors of different hydrocarbons condense at different temperatures. Fractional Distillation: The vapors of different hydrocarbons condense at different temperatures.

32. Oil Refinery Refining Video Refining Video Refining Video

33. Problem: Generally have too many heavy compounds and not enough light ones. Problem: Generally have too many heavy compounds and not enough light ones. Solution: Break apart long hydrocarbons into shorter pieces. Solution: Break apart long hydrocarbons into shorter pieces. Two techniques: Two techniques: 1.Cracking: uses high pressure and temperature 2.Catalytic conversion: pass petroleum over an Al-Si mixture:

34. ProductPercent of Total Lubricants0.9 % Other Refined Products1.5 % Asphalt and Road Oil1.9 % Liquefied Refinery Gas2.8 % Residual Fuel Oil3.3 % Marketable Coke5.0 % Still Gas5.4 % Jet Fuel12.6 % Distillate Fuel Oil15.3 % Finished Motor Gasoline51.4 % One barrel contains 42 gallons of crude oil. The total volume of products made from crude oil based origins is 48.43 gallons on average - 6.43 gallons greater than the original 42 gallons of crude oil. This represents a "processing gain" due to the additional other petroleum products such as alkylates are added to the refining process to create the final products. Additionally, California gasoline contains approximately 5.7 percent by volume of ethanol, a non-petroleum-based additive that brings the total processing gain to 7.59 gallons (or 49.59 total gallons).

35. You can also form long hydrocarbon chains by combining light ones You can also form long hydrocarbon chains by combining light ones Important for forming material such as nylon, rayon and plastics. Important for forming material such as nylon, rayon and plastics.

36. Fun Fact to know and tell… The refining of oil is a very energy intensive process. Approximately 7.5% of the total US energy consumption goes into running oil refineries.

37. Gasoline Octane Rating Normal gasoline is composed of hydrocarbons with 5-10 Carbon atoms Normal gasoline is composed of hydrocarbons with 5-10 Carbon atoms Each one burns differently Each one burns differently Octane: C 8 H 18 is a standard for comparison, it burns very smoothly. Octane: C 8 H 18 is a standard for comparison, it burns very smoothly. Heptane: C 7 H 16 burns explosively, causes inefficiency and engine “knock” Heptane: C 7 H 16 burns explosively, causes inefficiency and engine “knock”

38. What Does Octane Do? Higher compression in a cylinder yields higher energy Higher compression in a cylinder yields higher energy Gasoline will combust spontaneously at high compressions Gasoline will combust spontaneously at high compressions Octane retards (ignition delay) combustion until the spark initiates combustion Octane retards (ignition delay) combustion until the spark initiates combustion “Knocking” “Knocking”

39. What Does Cetane Do? Diesel engines get high power from very high compression in the cylinders Diesel engines get high power from very high compression in the cylinders Fuel co Fuel co mbusts spontaneously at high compression mbusts spontaneously at high compression Cetane (C 16 H 34 ) promotes combustion at maximum compression Cetane (C 16 H 34 ) promotes combustion at maximum compression “Knocking” “Knocking”

40. Octane rating Octane rating Pure Octane: 100 Pure Octane: 100 Pure Heptane: 0 Pure Heptane: 0 90% Oct, 10% Hep 90 90% Oct, 10% Hep 90 Using additives we may also produce a fuel with the same level of “engine knock” as a given Octane-Heptane mix. This is given the same octane rating (tetraethyl lead was the old additive… it is now illegal.)

41. Burning of Gas Ideal Ideal 2C 8 H 18 + 25O 2  16CO 2 + 18H 2 O + energy 2C 8 H 18 + 25O 2  16CO 2 + 18H 2 O + energy Gasoline + Air  Carbon Dioxide + Water + energy Gasoline + Air  Carbon Dioxide + Water + energy The CO 2 by burning fossil fuels is generally believed to be causing significant changers to the earth’s climate. The CO 2 by burning fossil fuels is generally believed to be causing significant changers to the earth’s climate.

42. More realistic More realistic 2C 8 H 18 + 25O 2  14 CO 2 + 2CO + O 2 + 18H 2 O + energy. In addition, since there is Nitrogen in the air we get nitrous oxides (big part of smog) NOx N 2 +2O 2  2NO 2 N 2 +O 2  2NO

43. WORLD & US OIL RESERVES 2003 WORLD 1600 billion barrels WORLD 1600 billion barrels US 36 billion barrels US 36 billion barrels Lifetime of US supply based on Rate equation at 2003 production rate: 10yrs Lifetime of US supply based on Rate equation at 2003 production rate: 10yrs

44. Proven Reserves (Oct 2009) RankCountry Proven Reserves in Billion Barrels 1 Saudi Arabia 266.7 (19.78%) 2 Canada * (tar sand) 178.1 (13.21%) 3Iran 136.2 (10.10%) 4Iraq 115.0 (8.53%) 5Kuwait 104.0 (7.71%) 6Venezuela 99.4 (7.37%) 7 United Arab Emirates 97.8 (7.25%) 8Russia 60.0 (4.45%) 9Libya 43.7 (3.24%) 10Nigeria 36.2 (3.24%) The US is number 12 with21.3 bbl (1.58%)

45. Proven Reserves

49. US Oil Produced and Found

50. Net Difference Between Annual World Oil Reserves Additions and Annual Consumption.

51. Hubbert Analysis In 1956 Hubbert predicted US oil production would peak in late 60’ or early 70’s. In 1956 Hubbert predicted US oil production would peak in late 60’ or early 70’s. It peaked in 1970. It peaked in 1970.

52. Hubbert Analysis World

54. Table II-1. Projections of the Peaking of World Oil Production. Projected Date of World Peak Production Source of ProjectionBackground 2006-2007Bakhitari, A.M.S.Iranian Oil Executive 2007-2009Simmons, M.R.Investment Banker After 2007Skrebowski, C.Petroleum journal Editor Before 2009Deffeyes, K.S.Oil company geologist Before 2010Goodstein, D.Vice Provost, Cal Tech Around 2010Campbell, C.J.Oil company geologist After 2010World Energy Council World Non-Government Org. 2010-2020LaHerrere, J.Oil company geologist 2016EIA nominal case DOE analysis/information. After 2020CERAEnergy consultants 2025 or laterShellMajor oil company No visible peakLynch, M.C.Energy economist

56. What about ANWR

57. What about ANWR? The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (1980) established the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). In section 1002 of that act, Congress deferred a decision regarding future management of the 1.5-million-acre coastal plain in recognition of the area’s potentially enormous oil and gas resources and its importance as wildlife habitat. A report on the resources, including petroleum, of the 1002 area was submitted to Congress in 1987 by the Department of the Interior (DOI). Since completion of that report, numerous wells have been drilled and oil fields discovered near ANWR, new geologic and geophysical data have become available, seismic processing and interpretation capabilities have improved, and the economics of North Slope oil development have changed significantly.

58. What about ANWR? The government estimates up to 16 billion barrels of oil in ANWR are technically recoverable, although much of that would be too expensive to produce at today's prices. With prices were at or above $35 a barrel, energy companies could economically recover an estimated 6 billion barrels of oil from ANWR. Note: the US use about 7.5 billion barrels of oil per year.

59. Should ANWR be opened up to oil drilling 1. Yes 2. No