1. TYPES OF RESEARCHES What is Research ? Dictionary General Educational Research  Scientific method

2. Research problems are educational issues or concerns studied by researchers In education, a problem is a concern to educators that exists in educational settings IDENTIFYING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

3. Definitions Research Problem: Educational issue/problem in a study Research Topic: Broad subject matter being addressed in a study Purpose: Major intent or object of study Research Questions: Questions to answer or address in a study

4. Research: Formal systematic application of the scientific method to the study of problems. Educational Research: Formal, systematic application of the scientific method to the study of educational problems. Research

5. Scientific method A logical and systematic approach or process to problem solving

6. Scientific Method Steps Scientific Method Steps Make an Observation Define the Problem Research the Problem State the Hypothesis Experiment to test Hypothesis Collect and Record Data Analyze Data Draw Conclusions Report Results

7. Can you put these steps in order? State the Hypothesis 4 5 8 6 Make an Observation 1 the Problem 3 Define the Problem 2 Analyze Data 7 Report Results 9

8. Steps of Scientific Method in order State the Hypothesis 6 5 4 Make an Observation the Problem Define the Problem 1 Analyze Data 2 Report Results 9 3 7 8

9.  Types of research by purpose 1. Basic Research/pure research/fundamental 2. Applied Research/ Field Research Research 3. Action research

10. Research by Purpose Basic and applied research Basic research is conducted to develop or refine theory. Applied research is conducted to apply or test a theory. Evaluation research Evaluation research is a form of applied research that involves data collection for decision making. Evaluation research may be formative or summative.

11. Action Research Action research is a systematic inquiry conducted by teachers, principals, or other stakeholders.

12.  Types of research by Method 1.Experimental Research 2.Descriptive Research 3.Historical Research

13. Experimental Research Experimental research includes at least one independent variable and the effect is measured on at least one dependent variable. In experimental research extraneous variables are controlled.

14. Experimental Research In experimental studies researchers select participants, group participants, administer treatments, control the research setting, control the length of treatment exposure, select research measures, and are able to draw cause- effect conclusions.

15.  Experiment Study of cause and affect Relationship under controlled Situations  Components of experiment i.Experimental groups ii.Controlled groups

16. variables Independent variable: the factor that is deliberately changed Dependent variable: the factor that the experimenter wants to observe; it changes in response to the independent variable the factor that the experimenter wants to observe; it changes in response to the independent variable

17.  Types of variables (Exp.study) INDEPENDENT VARIABLES INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES INTERVENING VARIABLES INTERVENING VARIABLES EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES These effect on the dependent variable(s) but which are not or cannot be controlled.. If they cannot be controlled, extraneous variables must at least be taken into consideration when interpreting results These effect on the dependent variable(s) but which are not or cannot be controlled.. If they cannot be controlled, extraneous variables must at least be taken into consideration when interpreting results

18. Process of research Selection and delimitation of problem Selection and delimitation of problem Reviewing of the literature Reviewing of the literature Defining the population Defining the population Planning the experiment Planning the experiment Conducting the experiment Conducting the experiment Measuring the outcomes Measuring the outcomes Analyzing and interpreting the outcome Analyzing and interpreting the outcome Drawing up the conclusions Drawing up the conclusions Reporting the results Reporting the results

19.  Experimental validity i.Internal validity ii.External validity

20.  DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH  SURVEY STUDYEIS 1. SCHOOL SURVEYS TYPES 1.Outside expert 2. local expert 3. co-operative survey 2. PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY 4. COMMUNITY SURVEY 5. DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS 6. JOB ANALYSIS 7. FOLLOW UP STUDY

21. Survey Research Survey research determines and reports the ‘ current status ’ of the subject of study. Survey research often collects numerical data to test hypotheses or answer questions. Survey research may examine preferences, attitudes, or opinions. e.g., How do parents feel about national teacher certification? e.g., To what degree do students report test anxiety before the SAT exam?

22.  INTER-RELATIONSHIP STUDIES 1. Case Study 2. Causal comparative study 3. Co relational studies  DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES 1. Longitudinal method 2. Cross sectional method 3. Trend projection studies

23. Correlational Research Correlational research provides a quantitative measure of relationship between or among variables. This measure is expressed as a correlation coefficient. Ranges from -1 to 1; 0 indicates no relationship Correlational studies do not indicate cause- effect relations among variables. e.g., A high correlation between self-concept and achievement does not mean that self-concept causes higher achievement.

24. Causal-Comparative Research Causal-comparative research attempts to determine the cause or reason for existing differences. The grouping variable is the potential cause. The dependent variable is the effect.

25. Developmental Studies Developmental studies are concerned with changes that take place as a function of time.

26. Types of Developmental Studies Longitudinal studies Long term, collect data from the same subject over a number of years Long term, collect data from the same subject over a number of years Cross sectional studies Cross-sectional studies: studies in which various segments of a population are sampled and data collected at a single point in time. Short term, usually 6 months or less and all data are collected Trend Projection Studies relating to prediction or projecting future Trend Projection Studies relating to prediction or projecting future

27. Longitudinal studies: studies in which data are collected at different points in time using: successive (different) samples in a tracking study or cohort study. the same sample in a panel study (consumer panels, retailer panels, etc).

28. Historical research Historical research: The systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past occurrences in order to test hypothesis

29.   Historical research Historical sources 1. 1. Primary Sources 2. 2. Secondary Sources Criticism of the historical sources 1. 1. Internal criticism 2. 2. External criticism

30. History Arts Events unplanned Uncontrolled factors Crucial role cannot be repeated Depend on other observations Not reliable as self observations Gaps due to missing information Inference what and why happened Conditions/variables are not controlled No experimentation but utilization of other reports, knowledge

31. History Science Delimits problems, Formulate hypothesis Collect data and analyze it, Test hypothesis May met persons, witness, ob servers of the event May have accurate authentic observation/information Use of same scientific method It is science as its enquiry method is critical objective oriented

32. Why historical research When some event or development is questioned Discovery of new source martial the meaning and interpretation of which provide answer to past event Questioning to some old interpretation with the existing data

33. Steps to historical research: Formulation of the problem Formulation of hypotheses Systematic collection of data Criticism Confirmation or disconfirmation of hypotheses Presentation of facts

34. Educational History Documents Constitutions Laws Executive official records Policies Plan

35. Educational history Remains School buildings Furniture Photographs of buildings Forms of diplomas Certificates Text books, Examination/written matter

36. Data Collection The review of related literature and study procedures are part of the same process

37. Primary sources Original documents/ remains First witness of an event Report of actual observer/participants of an event Produced for the purpose of transmitting information Reports and documents kept and written by actual participants

38. primary sources Remains associated with person, group, tools, weapons, food utensils, clothing, building, furniture picture, painting coins Oral testimony, spoken account of witness of en event. Personal interview Relics, building, furniture, teaching material, text books, examination, sample of the student work

39. Secondary Sources Secondary sources not witness by an reporter. Limited worth for the research due to errors But has to depend on it

40. Sources of data Various sources of data can be used in historical research… Participants Informants Settings Records Objects Documents Informants Newspaper accounts Reference book accounts

41. Data Analysis: External and Criticism All sources of historical data as subjected to analysis to: determine its authenticity (external) accuracy (internal)

42. External authenticity Genuineness of the data Authenticity of the data Admissibility of the documents Authorship Production period Knowledge, competence of the author

43. Internal criticism Credibility of the documents Validity of the content

44. Criticism?? External Criticism: Appraises the authenticity and authorship of the data source Internal Criticism: Appraises the meaning and intent of the data source What is the difference between external criticism and internal criticism? External criticism refers to determining the authenticity, validity, or trustworthiness of the source (to see if the source is what it claims to be); internal criticism refers to the determination of the reliability or accuracy of the information contained in the source; it is important for determining what a good interpretation is of the information contained in the source.

45. When determining the accuracy must consider four factors 1. 1. Knowledge and competence of the author 2. 2. Time delay between the occurrence and recording of events 3. 3. Biases of author 4. 4. Consistency of data

46. Data Synthesis Historical data should be organized and synthesized (put all the pieces together) and conclusions and generalizations drawn

47. Summarization of historical research data involves logical analysis rather than statistical analysis ensure that all sources are considered not only those that support the hypothesis

48. Confirmation or Disconfirmation of Hypothesis when evaluating your analysis and sources, you may discover that you may not only confirm your hypothesis, but create new possible questions for further study

49. Guidelines of Writing the Historical Research Report 1. 1. State your own argument or question early and your interpretations of your research results 2. 2. Provide examples to support your findings to provide validity for your interpretation

50. Characteristics of types of surveys Type of surveyObtaining sample Cooperation rate Cost per respondent advantagesdisadvantages in persondifficultmediumhighinterviewer rapport, nonverbal cues respondent apprehension, expensive telephoneeasyhighmediumFastLimited time, nonrandom sample mall intercepteasymedium fast, in-personNonrandom sample maileasylow expensiveNonrandom sample, respondent errors computer- assisted easyhighlowautomatic data entry Requires computer literacy