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2. Empowering the powerful? E.E. Schattsneider: “The flaw in the pluralist heaven is that the heavenly chorus sings with a strong upper- class accent.” Return

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4. James Madison and “pluralism” “The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man… Extend the sphere, and you take in a greater variety of parties and interests; you make it less probable that a majority of the whole will have a common motive to invade the rights of other citizens; or if such a common motive exists, it will be more difficult for all who feel it to discover their own strength, and to act in unison with each other.” Return

5. PACs and Super PACs PACsSuper PACs Can they donate directly to the candidate? YesNo Who can donate to the PAC? No corporations, unions, or associations No real limits How much can they spend? $2500 per candidate per election No limit (so long as the money is spent independently) Do donors have to be reported to the FEC? YesKind of –501(c)(4) “social welfare” groups do not need to report sources of donations Return

6. “Climate Control”