1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Skull

2. Contents Skull as whole Norma verticalis Norma frontalis: Orbital cavity Nasal cavity Norma occipitalis Norma lateralis

3. SKULL  Skull = Cranium + Mandible = 22 Bones  Cranium  Enclose and protect brain  Attachment for head + neck muscles  85 openings in skull  1) Neurocranium= Calvaria or brain box 8 bones  2) Viscerocranium = Facial bones = 14 bones

4. Calvaria –Paired bones include Temporal bones Temporal bones Parietal bones Parietal bones –Unpaired bones include Frontal bone Frontal bone Occipital bone Occipital bone Sphenoid bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Ethmoid bone framework of face framework of face Palantine bones 2 Palantine bones 2 Zygomatic bones 2 Zygomatic bones 2 Nasal bones 2 Nasal bones 2 Lacrimal bones 2 Lacrimal bones 2 Inferior nasal concha 2 Inferior nasal concha 2 Vomer 1 Vomer 1 Maxilla 2 Maxilla 2 Mandible 1 Mandible 1 Facial bones

5. The vertical norm (norma verticalis) The vertical norm (norma verticalis) The skull is seen from the upper part, and it has an oval or round shape. The skull is seen from the upper part, and it has an oval or round shape. Bones: Bones: Frontal Frontal Pareital Pareital Squamous of occipital Squamous of occipital Greater wing of sphenoid Greater wing of sphenoid Squamous of temporal Squamous of temporal

6. vertical norm vertical norm vault vault External surface: External surface: Parietal emeninces Parietal emeninces Parietal foramen Parietal foramen Obelion Obelion Vertex Vertex Coronal suture Coronal suture Sagittal suture Sagittal suture Lambdoid suture Lambdoid suture Bregma Bregma Lambda Lambda Wormian or sutural bones Wormian or sutural bones

7. Fontanelles in Newborn Anterior fontanelle:until 18 months after birth Anterior fontanelle:until 18 months after birth Posterior fontanelle: within 2 or 3 months of birth Posterior fontanelle: within 2 or 3 months of birth Sphenoidal fontanelle (Anterolateral): next to close around 6 months after birth: Sphenoidal fontanelle (Anterolateral): next to close around 6 months after birth: Mastoid fontanelle (Posterolateral): from 6 to 18 months after birth Mastoid fontanelle (Posterolateral): from 6 to 18 months after birth

8. The vertical norm Internal surface: Internal surface: Frontal crest Frontal crest Sagittal groove Sagittal groove Granular fovea: arachnoid granulation Granular fovea: arachnoid granulation Vascular marking groove Vascular marking groove Sutures (coronal, sagittal, lambdoid) Sutures (coronal, sagittal, lambdoid) Parietal foramina Parietal foramina

9. Norma Frontalis Frontal bone(vertical part) Frontal bone(vertical part) Frontal eminences(tubers) Frontal eminences(tubers) Superciliary archs Superciliary archs Glabella Glabella Supraorbital ridge( margin) Supraorbital ridge( margin) Supraorbital notch or foramen Supraorbital notch or foramen Metopic suture Metopic suture Nasion Nasion Nasal bones Nasal bones Maxilla(intermaxillary suture) Maxilla(intermaxillary suture) zygomatic bone zygomatic bone Mandible Mandible Orbital cavities Orbital cavities Nasal cavities Nasal cavities

10. Anterior nasal aperture Anterior nasal aperture(Piriform) Supraciliary arch Supraciliary arch

14. Orbital cavity

16. Nasal cavity Lateral wall

18. Medial wall

20. Paranasal Sinuses Associated with the bones of the nasal cavity Associated with the bones of the nasal cavity Functions Functions –Decrease skull weight –Resonating chambers They are found in They are found in –Frontal –Maxillary –Ethmoidal –Sphenoidal

21. Caldwell View of Sinus 1.Nasal Septum 2. Frontal Sinus 3. Maxillary Sinus 4. Ethmoid Sinus 5. Inferior Turbinate 6.Odontoid process 2 14 3 5 6

22. Coronal view of sinus 1. Maxillary sinus 1 1

23. Norma Occipitalis

25. Norma Lateralis Temporal line Temporal line Zygomatic arch Zygomatic arch External acoustic meatus External acoustic meatus Suprameatal triangle Suprameatal triangle Pterion(H) Pterion(H) Mastoid part of temporal bone Mastoid part of temporal bone Asterion (mastoid fontanelle) Asterion (mastoid fontanelle) Mastoid process Mastoid process Styloid process Styloid process

27. Temporal fossa

28. Infratemporal fossa

29. Pterygopalatine fossa communicate with: Pterygopalatine fossa communicate with: –Orbital cavity ………..Inferior orbital fissure –Nasal cavity ………… sphanopalatine foramen –Middle cranial cavity ……..Rotundum –Nasopharynx ………. Palatovaginal canal –lacerum foramen ……….. Pterygoid canal –Oral cavity ………….. Greater and lesser palatine canals –Infratemporal cavity ………….Pterygomaxillary fissure

31. Lateral Sinus & Skull 1. Frontal Sinus 2. Maxillary Sinus 3. Ethmoid Sinus 4. Spenoid Sinus 5. Sella Turcica 6. Occipital Bone 7. Mastoid Air Cells 8. Floor of posterior fossa 9. Anterior arch of C- 1 10. Mandible 11.Coronal Suture 10 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11

32. Axial scan of facial bones 1.Zygomatic arch 2.Mastoid air cells 1 1 2 2

33. زن مخلوقی است که عمیق تر میبیند و مرد مخلوقی است که دورتر را میبیند.