1. Functions of Bones Slide 5.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Support of the body  Protection of soft organs  Movement due to attached skeletal muscles  Storage of minerals and fats  Blood cell formation

2. Compact vs. Spongy Compact = dense, solid, looks smooth Spongy = open spaces, needle-like pieces

3. Classification of Bones 1.Long – longer than wide, shaft w/heads at both ends. 2.Short – generally cube-shaped & mostly spongy bone(carpals of wrist/tarsals of ankle) 3.Flat – thin, flat and usually curved (skull, ribs sternum) 4.Irregular – doesn’t fit in other categories. (Vertebrae)

4. #4 Long bone Structure Diaphysis = Shaft, compact bone Epiphysis = head of long bone, spongy bone Epiphyseal Plate = “Growth Plate” of children, site of actively dividing cartilage for bone growth. Epiphyseal Line = In adults, bone/Cartilage no longer growing; plate becomes ossified (bone) and a line is seen as a remnant.

5. Periosteum = outside layer/covering of bone Endosteum = inside lining of bone, lining of medullary cavity (site of yellow marrow)

6. #5 Spongy bone – In epiphysis (heads) of long bones (also, “diploe” of flat bones) Compact bone – Diaphysis (shaft) Articular Cartilage – at joints to decrease friction, Ends of epiphysis of long bones.

7. #6 Yellow Marrow = Fat, stored inside medullary cavity of long bones (adult) Red Marrow = Site of Red blood Cell product. – Spongy Epiphysis(head of long bones) in adults – In children, entire shaft of long bones

8. #7 diagram

9. #8 Bone markings Condyle = Rounded articular projection – Occipital condyle, Medial condyle near knee Sinus = Cavity inside a bone, air/lined w/mucous membrane. Frontal & maxilla of skull. Foramen = hole/opening in a bone – Foramen magnum, verterbral foramen Spine = pointed projection of bone – Spinous process of vertebrae

10. #9,10

11. #11, 12 Osteoblast – Build bone Osteoclast – destroy bone Epiphyseal plate = Growth plate of children, Site has actively dividing cartilage only when child. Site ossifies(become bone) as an adult

12. #13 bone growth/remodeling Bones grow due to: – Hormones, Stress (mechanical or gravity), Calcium levels in blood… if blood Ca +2 High then Calcium deposited, if blood Ca+2 is low bone degraded #14 Greenstick – Break is incomplete, like a green twig. Compound – bone breaks and exits through skin.

13. #15, 16 Hematoma = Bruise

14. #17,18 Axial skeleton = skull, vertebrae, bony thorax

16. 19, 20, 21 Paranasal sinuses – lighten skull, amplify voice Fontanels – Fibrous membranes connecting fetal skull bones, makes skull compressible for child birth & allows skull growth. Vertabrae: Cervical=7 Thoracic = 12 Lumbar = 5 Remember: Eating times; 7am, 12 pm, 5pm

17. Scoliosis – Curvature is Lateral (to the side)

18. Atlas (C1) – articulates with occipital condyles at base of skull…Nod- yes/no Axis (C2) – allows head to “pivot”

19. 24,25,26 Spine is slight “S” shape Tailbone = Coccyx (last part/beneath sacrum) = hole for spinal cord

20. The Bony Thorax = Sternum, Ribs, Thoracic vertebrae Slide 5.31b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  True ribs –Directly connected to sternum by Costal Cartilage  False – indirectly connected: Costal cartilage attached to costal cartilage  Floating ribs = 2, not attached Figure 5.19a