2. of: 1. Skull and facial bones (29) 2. Thoracic Cage: sternum and ribs (25) 3. Vertebral Column (26) 80 total bones Functions:  Protects Vital Organs  Provides areas for muscle attachment Composed of: 1. Skull and facial bones (29) 2. Thoracic Cage: sternum and ribs (25) 3. Vertebral Column (26)

3.  Cranium = houses brain  Facial bones = protect/support digestive and respiratory entrances holes  Foramen = holes for nerves and blood vessels  Two foramen you need to know: mental foramen and foramen magnum

4.  Frontal  Parietal  Occipital  Temporal  Sphenoid  Maxilla  Mandible – only moveable bone of the skull

5.  Need to know:  Nasal, vomer, ethmoid, maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, lacrimal,orbit, sphenoid

6. Difficult bone to see, greater wing of sphenoid makes up side of skull, front part of bone makes up the orbitals

7.  In addition to skull bones, you will also be required to recognize some special markings of the skull bones  Foramen - holes for nerves and blood vessels (mental foramen and foramen magnum)  Process – a projection or outgrowth of tissue from the body (styloid process, mastoid process, zygomatic process/arch)  Meatus – a natural body opening or canal (external auditory meatus)  Condyle – The rounded projection on the articulated (where joints occur) end of a bone (occipital condyle)  Ramus – any part that branches from another part (ramus of the mandible)  Notch - an indentation on the edge of a bone (Mandibular notch)

9. Occipital condyles Foramen Magnum Palatine Bone

10.  Sutures are interconnections between bones  Lambdoidal = parietal + occipital  Sagittal = 2 parietal bones  Frontal = frontal + parietal  Squamous = Temporal + Parietal

11. Sagittal Frontal Lambdoidal Squamous

12.  Fontanels are spaces between the bones of the skull in an infant or fetus, where ossification is not complete and the sutures not fully formed (“soft spots” of infant’s skull). Sutures will not completely fuse until about 30 years old.

13.  The sinus is an moist, air-filled chamber. It produces mucus to filter air and make the bones lighter. It also plays a role in how our voices sound.