1. Respiration carbon dioxide water oxygen light energy chlorophyll glucose

2. التنفس التنفس عملية حيوية تتصف بها الكائنات الحية, وفيها يحصل الكائن الحي على الأوكسجين ويؤكسد بها المواد الغذائية الغنية بالطاقة والمدخرة بجسمه إلى مواد بسيطة مع إنطلاق طاقة تخزن في مركب ناقل للطاقة وهو ATP حيث يمكن نقل الطاقة وتحللها في المكان والزمان المناسبين داخل الخلية Cellular respiration ويعرف ايضا بظاهرة التنفسس الخلوي

3. التنفس يمكن ايضا وصفه بالظاهرة التي يتم فيها تبادل للغازات بين النبات ومحيطه الخارجي او دخول وخروج الهوء من والي الرئتين ويطلق على هذه الظاهرة تبادل الغازات gaseous exchange

4. وهناك نوعان من التنفس عند النبات : أ ) التنفس الهوائي Aerobic. ب ) التنفس اللاهوائي Anaerobic

5. The Chemistry of Respiration energy and mitochondria clip

6. Adenosine triphosphate The energy released during respiration is not used directly by cells. Instead it is used to make a molecule called ATP which stores the energy until it is needed. ATP = Adenosine triphosphate

7. What does ATP do? ATP supplies energy for all the processes that need it. For example: movement chemical reactions growth. slow twitch/fast twitch investigation

8. Structure of ATP adenosine Pi

9. Formation of ATP ATP is made when another molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is bonded to a third inorganic phosphate (Pi) using the energy released from glucose.

10. Pi adenosine Pi + adenosine Pi Enzymes Energy from respiration Energy Rich bond formed

11. Summarised as: ADP + Pi ATP The whole process is under the control of enzymes

12. The role of ATP ATP stores the energy in the third bond of the molecule The energy is released when that bond is broken to release the third inorganic phosphate (Pi).

13. Pi adenosine Pi + Energy released to do work ATP ADP Enzymes adenosine Pi

14. Summary ATP ADP + Pi energy (out) energy (in) cellular respiration cell activities ATP energy (out) cellular respiration cell activities The whole process is an enzyme controlled reaction.

15. Aerobic Respiration Aerobic respiration = respiration with oxygen.

16. glucose + OXYGEN energy + carbon dioxide + water (to make ATP)

17. Aerobic respiration happens in 2 stages: Stage 1 – Glycolysis glyco lysis glucose splitting

18. In glycolysis, a glucose molecule is broken down into pyruvic acid. energy released to make small quantity of ATP (2 molecules) series of enzyme controlled reactions pyruvic acid glucose Glycolysis does not require oxygen

19. Stage 2 – Breakdown of pyruvic acid The pyruvic acid made in glycolysis (stage1) still contains a lot of energy It can only be broken down to release the rest of the energy in the presence of oxygen.

20. energy released to make large quantity of ATP (36 molecules) series of enzyme controlled reactions pyruvic acid carbon dioxide + water

21. ATP production – summary 36 ADP + 36 Pi = 36 ATP glucose pyruvic acid carbon dioxide + water 2 ADP + 2 Pi = 2 ATP

22. Summary of ATP production Stage 1 and 2 release all the chemical energy in one molecule of glucose to make a total of 38 ATP molecules. 2 molecules ATP from glucose  pyruvic acid 36 molecules ATP from pyruvic acid  carbon- dioxide + water Total 38 molecules ATP

23. Anaerobic Respiration (in animals) anaerobic = in the absence of oxygen

24. In low oxygen conditions or during heavy exercise, when not enough oxygen can be supplied, muscle cells swap to anaerobic respiration

25. glycolysis still happens as it does not require oxygen in absence of oxygen pyruvic acid is turned into lactic acid. pyruvic acid lactic acid glucose 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 ATP

26. A build up of lactic acid produces muscle fatigue. Muscle fatigue makes muscles ache and contract less powerfully. A recovery period is needed. During this time more oxygen is taken in to convert the lactic acid back into pyruvic acid again. The volume of oxygen needed is called the oxygen debt.

27. Summary oxygen debt e.g. during hard exercise oxygen debt repaid during recovery time glucose pyruvic acid lactic acid

28. Anaerobic Respiration in plants The same process occurs in plants and yeast in low oxygen conditions, e.g. muddy, flooded soils.

29. glycolysis still happens, producing 2 ATP molecules This time in absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is turned into carbon dioxide and ethanol glucose pyruvic acid ethanol + carbon dioxide This is irreversible 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 ATP

30. Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic respiration Aerobic respiration Anaerobic Respiration in animals in plants and yeast Oxygen required? yesnono Glycolysis occurs yesyesyes ATP yield 38ATP2ATP2ATP Glucose completely broke down? yesnono End products Carbon dioxide and water Lactic acid Ethanol and carbon dioxide

31. إثبات التنفس اللاهوائي ( التخمر الكحولي ).Alcoholic fermentation تتضمن عملية التخمر الكحولي تحول السكريات الى ثاني اكسيد الكربون والكحول الايثيلي بواسطه الخميرة وسيتم في هذا المعمل الكشف عن كل منهما