1. Chapter 29 Section 3

2. Pakistan

3. Physical Regions Hindu Kush Mountains ▫Northern and Western borders ▫One of the worlds highest mountain ranges Khyber Pass ▫Allows movement through the mountain ▫Connects Peshawar with Kabul in Afghanistan Baluchistan Plateau ▫Western Pakistan Thar Dessert ▫Eastern Pakistan

4. The Indus River Lifeline River basin contains most of Pakistans agricultural areas Hydroelectric power stations ▫Electricity produced by the movement of water Irrigation ▫The watering of farmland with water drawn from reservoirs or rivers

5. Embankment dam ▫Wall of soil and rock built to hold back water Tarbela Dam ▫One of the worlds biggest producers of hydroelectric power ▫Built to control the extreme seasonal changes of the Indus River

6. Cultural Patterns Most people live in farming villages Prayers are an important part of daily life Tradition plays a large role Tradition plays a large role in daily life Women have fewer freedoms and economic opportunities than men Many women avoid contact with men outside the home and cover their faces with a veil in the presence of strangers

7. National Challenges Islam holds Pakistan together ▫Other forces threaten to split it apart 60% of Pakistani’s speak Punjabi 8% speak Urdu the official language Disputes among different ethnic groups Tensions rose when Pakistan allowed Americans & other foreign troops to use its territory as a base for removing the Taliban government in neighboring Afghanistan 2001

8. Afghanistan

9. Hindu Kush Mountains Forms the central backbone of the country The word Kush means death Marks the boundaries of 3 regions ▫Mountains ▫At the feet, lay fertile valleys where most Afghans live ▫North of the mountains region of semiarid plains ▫Land south is mostly desert

10. Ethnic Diversity Many ethnic groups 2 official languages Local groups isolated themselves as protection against invaders Result  some groups are unable to communicate with others Groups have conflicting opinions bout Islamic beliefs and practices

11. Buffer State 1800’s Britain and Russia competed for influence in southern Asia ▫A country separating opposing powers

12. Dec. 1979, Soviet troops marched into Afghanistan to help put down a revolt at the request of the Afghan government Millions fled the country Pakistan & U.S. helped train Afghan resistance fighters who attacked Soviet forces

13. Terrorism and War Soviets withdrew in 1989 Civil war broke out 1990’s a radical Muslim group controlled most of the nation ▫Taliban  Imposed harsh rule and harbored Muslim extremist from other countries

14. Osama Bin Laden Exiled Saudi Millionaire Led an international terrorist organization called al-Qaida

15. 1998 issued a statement to Muslims proclaiming that “ the killing of Americans and their civilian and military allies is a religious duty” Al-Qaida members were linked to a number of attacks against Americans ▫Bombings of:  US embassies in East Africa  Navy ship at port in Yemen

16. September 11, 2001 Al-Qaida hijackers crashed planes into the World Trade Center towers in NYC & into the Pentagon near Washington D.C. Thousands of innocent civilians were killed Suspected of trying to develop chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons

17. War on Terror Leaders of the Taliban continued to shelter bin Laden In response, an international coalition led by the U.S. launched military attacks on Taliban and al-Qaida strongholds in Afghanistan

18. Taliban were quickly driven from power Coalition helped establish a new democratic government that involved representatives of many ethnic groups

19. Bangladesh

20. Most of the country is an entire delta formed by 3 powerful rivers ▫Ganges ▫Brahmaputra ▫Meghna Result  the soil is very fertile So close to sea level, floods occur regularly

21. Challenging Climate Tropical wet climate Temp. rarely drop below 80 degrees F Because of monsoon winds, large amounts of rain fall within a four-to-five-month period Delicate balance between prosperity and disaster Good times  Warm temp., abundant water supply, fertile soil enabling farmers to plant and harvest three crops a year Bad times  The raging rivers overflow  Tropical storms sweep in from the Bay of Bengal, submerging the land in saltwater

22. Monsoons 1989 & 1990 Caused severe flooding Millions of people were left homeless Power lines were knocked down Roads bridges and railway lines were washed away Transporting food and medicine became almost impossible

23. Overpopulation 9 th most populous country in the world 131 million people Overpopulation & natural hazards has created another problem: ▫Hunger Malnutrition  Lack of food or an unbalanced diet Constant problem Population is growing faster than the food supply

24. Nepal & Bhutan

25. Nepal and Bhutan Both countries span a great range in altitude Low elevasion of about 230 ft to the highest mountains in the world  Himalayas

26. Mount Everest Tallest of the Himalayan peaks In Nepal 29,035 ft high

27. Southern lowlands are hot and humid Monsoon rains pour down every summer Tropical crops ▫Citrus fruits ▫Sugar cane ▫Rice

28. Higher lands are cooler  Wheat  Potatoes  Millet Most crops are grown into terraced fields built into the hillsides

29. Nepal is about 90% Hindu Bhutan is about 75% Buddhist Hinduism is more common in the lowlands Buddhism is the religion of the higher areas Each religion has influenced the other ▫People often celebrate festivals honored by both religions

30. Bhutan discourages contact with tourists and other foreigners To preserve its traditional culture

31. Nepal welcomes tourist who often come to hike Sherpas ▫People that live in the high mountains of Nepal ▫Skilled mountaineers ▫Make a living by guiding climbers through the challenging mountain terrain

32. Sri Lanka Magnificent Island

33. Environmental Change Tropical climate Cool ocean breezes Heaviest rainfall is in the southwest part of the island ▫As a result it contains plantations were coconuts and rubber are grown for export Tea  another major crop  Comes mainly from the higher slopes of the islands mountains

34. Once covered in a thick rain forest Almost 2/3 of the rainforest is gone Due to deforestation The cutting down of trees for farming or development Drought in the area

35. Tsunami December 2004 Killed more than 40,000 people

36. Social Unrest ¾ of Sri Lankans are Sinhalese ▫Decendants of Aryans that came down from India around 500 BC ▫Practice Buddhism Tamils ▫Came to Sri Lanka from southern India ▫Practice Hinduism Both speak different languages and have different alphabets

37. Sri Lanka gained independence from Britain in 1948 Sinhalese have controlled the government ▫1971 radical Sinhalese group tried to over throw the government Tamils argue that: ▫Equal rights to education, jobs, and land ownership are denied to them