1. Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner1 Beta-Beams Status and Challenges Elena Wildner, CERN 1 2010-01-07

2. Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 2 2 Acknowledgements Particular thanks to M. Benedikt, FP6 Leader M. Lindroos, A Fabich, S. Hancock M. Mezetto and all contributing institutes and collaborators FP6 “Research Infrastructure Action - Structuring the European Research Area” EURISOL DS Project Contract no. 515768 RIDS) and FP7 “Design Studies” (Research Infrastructures) EUROnu (Grant agreement no.: 212372)

3. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 3 Outline Beta Beam Concepts A Beta Beam Scenario The challenges Isotope production Intensities Radioactivity Backgrounds & accelerators Other studies Conclusion 33

4. 2010-01-07 4 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner Beta-beams, recall E0E0 4 Aim: production of (anti-)neutrino beams from the beta decay of radio- active ions circulating in a storage ring with long straight sections. Similar concept to the neutrino factory, but parent particle is a beta-active isotope instead of a muon. Beta-decay at rest  spectrum well known from the electron spectrum Reaction energy Q typically of a few MeV Accelerate parent ion to relativistic  max Boosted neutrino energy spectrum: E   2  Q Forward focusing of neutrinos:   1/  Pure electron (anti-)neutrino beam! Depending on  + - or  - - decay we get a neutrino or anti-neutrino Two different parent ions for neutrino and anti-neutrino beams Physics applications of a beta-beam Primarily neutrino oscillation physics and CP-violation (high energy) Cross-sections of neutrino-nucleus interaction (low energy)

5. 2010-01-075 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner European Strategy for Future Neutrino Physics, Elena Wildner Choice of radioactive ion species Beta-active isotopes Production rates Life time Dangerous rest products Reactivity (Noble gases are good) Reasonable lifetime at rest If too short: decay during acceleration If too long: low neutrino production Optimum life time given by acceleration scenario In the order of a second Low Z preferred Minimize ratio of accelerated mass/charges per neutrino produced One ion produces one neutrino. Reduce space charge problems NuBase t 1/2 at rest (ground state) 1 – 60 s 1ms – 1s 6He and 18Ne 8Li and 8B 5

6. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 66 Some scaling Accelerators can accelerate ions up to Z/A × the proton energy. L ~ /  m 2 ~  Q, Flux ~ L −2 => Flux ~ Q −2 Cross section ~ ~  Q Merit factor for an experiment at the atmospheric oscillation maximum: M=  Q Decay ring length scales ~  (ion lifetime)

7. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 77 Beta beam options High Energy beta beams Available accelerators (or funding) Synergies with super-beams Available detectors Physics reach: choice of baseline (distance to detector) Low energy beta beams Off axis experiments Low energy storage rings Available detectors

8. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 88 Beta beam to different baselines

9. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 99 The EURISOL scenario boundaries Based on CERN boundaries Ion choice: 6 He and 18 Ne Based on existing technology and machines Ion production through ISOL technique Bunching and first acceleration: ECR, linac Rapid cycling synchrotron Use of existing machines: PS and SPS Relativistic gamma=100 for both ions SPS allows maximum of 150 ( 6 He) or 250 ( 18 Ne) Gamma choice optimized for physics reach Opportunity to share a Mton Water Cherenkov detector with a CERN super-beam, proton decay studies and a neutrino observatory Achieve an annual neutrino rate of 2.9*10 18 anti-neutrinos from 6 He 1.1 10 18 neutrinos from 18 Ne The EURISOL scenario will serve as reference for further studies and developments: Within Euro we will study 8 Li and 8 B EURISOL scenario top-down approach 02/10/099 (*) FP6 “Research Infrastructure Action - Structuring the European Research Area” EURISOL DS Project Contract no. 515768 RIDS

10. Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 10 The EURISOL scenario 0.4 GeV 1.7 GeV 8.7 GeV 93 GeV Decay ring B  = 1500 Tm B = ~6 T C = ~6900 m L ss = ~2500 m 6 He:  = 100 18 Ne:  = 100 Design report December 2009 Aimed: He 2.9 10 18 ( 2.0 10 13 /s after target) Ne 1.1 10 18 ( 2.0 10 13 /s after target)

11. Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 11 Intensity evolution during acceleration Cycle optimized for neutrino rate towards the detector 30% of first 6 He bunch injected are reaching decay ring Overall only 50% ( 6 He) and 80% ( 18 Ne) reach decay ring Normalization Single bunch intensity to maximum/bunch Total intensity to total number accumulated in RCS Bunch 20 th 15 th 10 th 5th 1st total

12. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 12 Radioprotection 12 Residual Ambient Dose Equivalent Rate at 1 m distance from the beam line (mSv h -1 ) RCS (quad - 18 Ne) PS (dip - 6 He) SPSDR (arc - 18 Ne) 1 hour1510-5.4 1 day36-3.6 1 week22-1.4 Annual Effective Dose to the Reference Population (  Sv) RCSPSSPSDR 0.670.64-5.6 (only decay losses) Stefania Trovati, Matteo Magistris, CERN CERN-EN-Note-2009-007 STI EURISOL-DS/TASK2/TN-02- 25-2009-0048 Yacin Kadi et al., CERN

13. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 13 Activation and coil damage in the PS The coils could support 60 years operation with a EURISOL type beta-beam M. Kirk et. al GSI 13

14. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 14 Duty factor for bkg suppression.... 20 bunches, 5.2 ns long, distance 23*4 nanosseconds filling 1/11 of the Decay Ring, repeated every 23 microseconds 10 14 ions, 0.5% duty- (supression-) factor for atmospheric background suppression !!! 14....

15. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 15 Momentum collimation (study ongoing): ~5*10 12 6 He ions to be collimated per cycle Decay: ~5*10 12 6 Li ions to be removed per cycle per meter Dump at the end of the straight section will receive 30kW Dipoles in collimation section receive between 1 and 10 kW (masks). p-collimation merging decay losses injection Particle turnover in decay ring Straight section Arc Momentum collimation 15

16. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 16 Duty factor and RF Cavities.... 20 bunches, 5.2 ns long, distance 23*4 nanosseconds filling 1/11 of the Decay Ring, repeated every 23 microseconds 10 14 ions, 0.5% duty (supression) factor for background suppression !!! 16 Erk Jensen, CERN

17. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 17 Open Midplane Dipole (Decay Ring Arc) 17 Cos  design open midplane magnet Manageable (7 T operational) with Nb -Ti at 1.9 K Aluminum spacers possible on midplane to retain forces: gives transparency to the decay products Special cooling and radiation dumps may be needed inside yoke. J. Bruer, E. Todesco, E. Wildner, CERN

18. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 18 Open mid-plane Quadrupole Mid-plane Energy deposited Open mid-plane Acknowledgments (magnet design): F Borgnolutti, E. Todesco (CERN)

19. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 19 Open mid-plane Quadrupole Opening angle Acknowledgments (magnet design): F Borgnolutti, E. Todesco (CERN) Parametric Approach!!

20. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 20 Options for production ISOL method at 1-2 GeV (200 kW) >2 10 13 6 He per second <8 10 11 18 Ne per second (not an option, need to confirm new options!) Studied within EURISOL Direct production >1 10 13 (?) 6 He per second 1 10 13 18 Ne per second Studied at LLN, Soreq, WI and GANIL Production ring (higher neutrino energies) 10 14 (?) 8 Li >10 13 (?) 8 B Being studied Within EURO Aimed: He 2.9 10 18 (2.0 10 13 /s) Ne 1.1 10 18 (2.0 10 13 /s) 20 N.B. Nuclear Physics has limited interest in those elements => Production rates not pushed! Try to get ressources to persue ideas how to produce Ne! Difficult Chemistry

21. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 21 Recent Results for Production of 6 He 1.3 10 13 6 He/s 100kW, 40 MeV deuton beam 2 10 13 6 He/s 100kW, 1 GeV proton beam (ISOLDE 2008) 1 10 14 6 He/s 200kW, 2 GeV proton beam M. Hass et al., J. Phys. G 35, 014042 (2008); T. Hirsh et al., PoS (Nufact08)090 N. Thiolliere et al., EURISOL-DS T. Stora et al., EURISOL-DS, TN03-25-2006-0003 Aimed: He 2.9 10 18 (2.0 10 13 /s)

22. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 22 BeO : A new target material R. Hodak, H. Franberg, V. Kumar

23. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 23 BeO : Release of 6He Half life-time Courtesy: T. Stora (2009)

24. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 24 Recent Research: 19F(p, 2n) 18Ne The  e beam needs production of 2.0 10 13 18 Ne/s Theoretically possible with 10 mA 70 MeV protons on NaF We need measurements of the crossection 19 F(p, 2n) 18 Ne ! Ressouces need to be allocated T. Stora, private communication

25. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 25 European Strategy for Future Neutrino Physics, Elena Wildner New approaches for ion production “Beam cooling with ionisation losses” – C. Rubbia, A Ferrari, Y. Kadi and V. Vlachoudis in NIM A 568 (2006) 475–487 “Development of FFAG accelerators and their applications for intense secondary particle production”, Y. Mori, NIM A562(2006)591 Studied within Euro FP7 (*) FP7 “Design Studies” (Research Infrastructures) EUROnu (Grant agreement no.: 212372) (*) Supersonic gas jet target, stripper and absorber

26. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 26 Beta Beam scenario EUROnu, FP7. Neutrino Source Decay Ring ISOL target, Collection Decay ring B  ~ 500 Tm B = ~6 T C = ~6900 m L ss = ~2500 m 8 Li:  = 100 18 B:  = 100 SPS RCS, 5 GeV -beam to experiment Linac, 0.4 GeV 60 GHz pulsed ECR Existing!!! 92 GeV PS2 31 GeV Ion production PR Detector Gran Sasso (~ 5 times higher Q) Ion Linac 20 MeV 8B/8Li

27. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 27 The beta-beam in EURONU DS (I) The study will focus on production issues for 8 Li and 8 B 8 B is highly reactive and has never been produced as an ISOL beam Production ring: enhanced direct production Ring lattice design (CERN) Cooling (CERN +) Collection of the produced ions, release efficiencies and cross sections for the reactions (UCL, INFN) Sources ECR (LPSC, GHMFL) Supersonic Gas injector (PPPL + ?) CERN Complex All machines to be simulated with B and Li (CERN, CEA) PS2 presently under design (requirements for beta beams) Multiple Charge State Linacs (P Ostroumov, ANL) 27

28. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 28 3-Flavor Oscillation needs two significantly different baselines to disentangle CP and matter effects Possible realization with one detector only (price)  -beam: SPL: = 260 MeV L opt = 134 km CERN – Frejus: 130 km e -beam:  = 150 Lopt = 130 km  = 500 Lopt = 1000 km CERN – Frejus: 130 km DESY – Frejus: 960 km Associated partners in EURONU DS

29. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 29 Associates Weizmann Institue of Science, Revohot  Michael Hass  Partners: GANIL and Soreq  Collaboration with Aachen (exchange of students) Work Focus  produce light radioactive isotopes also for beta beams  secondary neutrons from an intense, 40 MeV d beam (6He and 8Li) and direct production with 3He or 4He beams (18Ne).  Use of superconducting LINACs such as SARAF at Soreq (Israel) and the driver for SPIRAL-II (GANIL). Added Value  To produce strong beta beam ion candidates or production methods not in EUROnu Courtesy Micha Hass

30. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 30 Supersonic gas jet target, stripper and absorber The production ring cooling Low-energy Ionization cooling of ions for Beta Beam sources – D. Neuffer (FERMILAB-FN-0808-APC) Mini-workshop on cooling at Fermilab summer 2009 (David Neuffer ) joining teams from CERN and Fermilab Meeting at GSI internal targets and cooling Oct. 2009 (O. Boine-Frankenheim, C. Dimopoulou, E Benedetto) joining teams from CERN and GSI

31. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 31 PR: Gas Jet Targets and Cooling (GSI) We need 10 19 cm -2 !!

32. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 32 Challenge: collection device A large proportion of beam particles ( 6 Li) will be scattered into the collection device. Production of 8 Li and 8 B: 7 Li(d,p) 8 Li and 6 Li( 3 He,n) 8 B reactions using low energy and low intensity ~ 1nA beams of 7 Li(10-25 MeV) and 6 Li(4-15 MeV) hitting the deuteron or 3 He target. Off-line test: October ÷ November 09 First beam test (beam test in cabin): December 09 Background measurements: February 10 Full-time beam experiments: April 10 8 Li stage progress report: July 10 End of the summer 2010 - hope to finish with 8 Li. Research on B will follow. Semen Mitrofanov Thierry Delbar Marc Loiselet

33. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 33 7Li First Experiment performed in July 2008 Inverse kinematic reaction: 7 Li + CD 2 target E=25 MeV Data reduction in progress Future: reduce contamination Cross section measurements at L aboratori N azionali di L egnaro M.Mezzetto (INFN-Pd) on behalf of INFN-LNL: M. Cinausero, G. De Angelis, G. Prete 33

34. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 34 ECR 60 GHz Source 34 The SEISM Collaboration Follow up of intense LPSC-LNCMI collaboration Magnet time request to EUROMAGNET2 : accepted July 2009 ISTC collaboration accepted July 2009 (IAP-LPSC-LNCMI-CERN- Instituto di Fisica del plasma) Hydraulic test in December 2009 ANR funding request to fund permanent 60 GHz test stand at LNCMI Magnetic tests scheduled for February 2010 Installation of a bench at 28 GHz during 2010 60 GHz for mid 2011

35. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 35 Relaxed Duty Factors: more neutrinos.... 0.5% duty factor for background suppression could be relaxed for higher neutrino energies. But not enough to profit of Barrier Buckets for B and Li! We need in addition 10 times more flux for high-Q ions. Christian Hansen Enrique Fernandez-Martinez 35

36. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 36 High  and decay-ring size, 6 He GammaRigidity [Tm] Ring length T=5 T f=0.36 Dipole Field rho=300 m Length=6885m 10093849163.1 150140464214.7 200186779176.2 35032771247410.9 50046781700015.6 Magnet R&D 36 Example : Neutrino oscillation physics with a higher   -beam, arXiv:hep-ph/0312068 J. Burguet-Castell, D. Casper, J.J. Gomez-Cadenas, P.Hernandez, F.Sanchez

37. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 37 Beta Beams at Fermilab 37 Combining CPT-conjugate channels at the same E/L: neutrino mass hierarchy A. Janson, O. Mena, S. Parke: hep-ph/0711107 P(  -> e ) > P( e ->  ) for normal hierarchy P(  -> e )  ) for inverted hierarchy  -> e : existing NuMi Beamline e ->   6He or 8Li Beta Beams

38. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 38 Beta Beam Concepts Beta Beam Scenarios Ion Production 38 Courtesy: Sandhya Choubey Optimized Two-Baseline Beta Beam

39. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 39 Low energy Beta Beams 39 Christina Volpe: A proposal to establish a facility for the production of intense and pure low energy neutrino beams (100 MeV). J Phys G 30 (2004) L1. PS SPS storage ring BASELINE n-nucleus cross sections (detector’s response, r-process, 2  -decay) fundamental interactions studies (Weinberg angle, CVC test,  ) PHYSICS POTENTIAL astrophysical applications close detector PHYSICS STUDIED WITHIN THE EURISOL DS (FP6, 2005-2009) To off axis far detector

40. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 40 Combining energies from BB and EC Sensitivity to θ 13 and δ (CERN to Gran Sasso or Canfranc ) J. Bernabeu, C. Espinosa, C. Orme, S. Palomares-Ruiz and S. Pascoli based on JHEP 0906:040, 2009 difficult to make, space charge ?

41. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 41 Summary (i) The EURISOL beta-beam conceptual design report is available ( 6 He and 18 Ne, gamma 100) First coherent study of a beta-beam facility Top down approach (production rates of ions assumed ) 18Ne shortfall as of today Duty Factors are challenging: Collimation and RF in Decay Ring 41

42. 2010-01-07 Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 42 Summary (ii) A beta-beam facility using 8 Li and 8 B (EUROnu) (gamma 100) Continuation of EURISOL (consolidation of He/Ne) Production of Ne needs extra ressources Production B and Li, X-sections, Source issues Optimize accelerator chain for new ions Revisit Duty Factors, RF and bunch structures Acceptance of PS2, SPS, High intensity beam stability (PS, SPS) Costing First results will come from Euronu DS (2008-2012) 42