1. Control and health Be skeptical Results don’t replicate May depend on person and context

2. Crowding vs. density Density purely physical (neutral) Number vs. space Crowding as feeling (negative) High density may cause crowding

3. High density and other animals Negative effects yes, but… only when resources limited –Not enough food, space for nests, etec. Number more important than space –Doubling space doesn’t change effect

4. High density and humans Prison effects not due to density Cities not harmful (crime, mental illness) No evidence for the urban overload idea Control probably not a factor

5. Density-intensity Higher density Intensifies social reactions Bad situation made worse Good situation made better

6. conclusions Among humans - crowding not a factor does not explain differences does not cause crime

7. Personal space Meaning depends on context Close can be aggressive or friendly Assertive or sexy And Depends on culture and background

8. Context, context, context Density, noise, space, control All depend on context And on individual’s reaction

9. Eyewitness identification Eyewitnesses unreliable More confident not necessarily more accurate Identification usually done poorly Main cause of wrongful convictions

10. Pretrial publicity Less effect than one might think None if repeated in trial Only if very strong evidence

11. confessions Believed even if retracted Because hard to imagine confessing if innocent Yet people do confess when innocent Especially young people Pressure often subtle So juries believe if coercion shown

12. Summary Scientific vs. non-scientific Correlations do not mean causation but we are tempted to think they do Experiments do mean causation but interpretation not always easy Context in social situations!

13. Thanks for listening Good luck on the exam Have a good summer