1. Redundancy for High-Performance Connectivity Dan Magorian Director of Engineering and Operations Mid-Atlantic Crossroads Internet2 Member Meeting September 21, 2005

2. What Do We Mean by Redundancy, Anyway? Hopefully not what the British mean by redundancy, which we Americans call “laid off”. From the user/customer perspective, it might be: “Whatever you net geeks need to do to keep my connection alive when Bad Things Are Happening. Please don’t bother me with the details.” From an Admin and CIO point of view: “All that expensive stuff you keep asking us to pay for, that we’re not convinced you really need, but since redundancy is a sacred cow we can’t argue against.”

3. That’s fine, but from a Techie Perspective: Traditionally most RONs/gigapops and service providers in the industry have used layer 3 protection: Abilene has a partial mesh across country, MAX has a ring around our region, most state nets have meshes, etc. Each segment on the ring or mesh terminates in a router. Usually pick up customers there, and can load balance using mpls if needed. Not just protection, but making the most use of expensive resources: why have paths sitting around unused just for protection? Eg, might be able postpone 10G upgrade w/ multiple OC48 paths. So with dwdm serving these topologies, often more point- to-point drops than express lambda pass-throughs.

4. What’s Wrong with this Approach? Most obvious one, well known to this community, is that not all applications are well served by best-effort IP. Some really work better w/ dedicated lambda resources. Also, worked fine for years with OC48 networks, but is proving to be uneconomic with 10G. Routers not getting cheaper, optical is. Also, most customer circuits are now ethernet, so much router functionality at edges no longer needed to pick up customer sonet, atm, ds3s, etc. So, MAX production net has decommissioned routers at most pops, and uses dwdm optical backhaul to fewer “Big Fat routers” (Juniper T640s) in middle. Still can only afford to give top-tier customers own lambdas, so use aggregation switches & L2 protection for custs < gige.

5. So in the 10G world we’re using L1/L2 protection Traditional L3 approach with redundant router ints is just too expensive, at least Juniper is. So “switch routers” are winning: Force10, Cisco 6500, etc. Problem is, lose functionality with non-carrier class routers: eg, can you do v6 multicast? Bigger Question: Is L2 the right layer to do protection? Many “light paths” are being strung together out of hybrid of L1 and L2: lambdas daisy-chained into 10G switches feeding vlans over shared paths: not very robust. L1 protection can be economic: tradeoff several schemes: One transponder laser w/ optical protect switch One cpe interface, two tranceiver lasers

6. Generally, we’ve been promoting “high-9’s” redundancy to customers Two customer routers, connected over two diverse fiber/lambda paths, to two MAX routers. Had this topology for years with Univ System MD, really worked out well for protection against failure of either side router or path. Working with lot of larger customers, eg NIH, NASA, JHU, Census, HHMI, etc to move to this topology. Problem is, costs money and takes time, especially procuring diverse fiber paths to difficult locations. Still doesn’t solve problem of Abilene redundancy. MAX has actually had redundant Abilene connection for years because we run NGIX/E, but to same WASH router.

7. So gigapops/RONs have been talking about backing each other up Lot of ways to do this, varying costs: Private circuits, eg NIH is getting OC3 to Chicago RON interconnects via procured fiber connections Interconnects using NLR lambdas, eg Atlantic Wave. Just announced: Qwest backhaul to another Abilene node. We’ve talking with Qwest about redundant ISP port offering to Quilt for minimum cost also Still lots of unanswered questions about provisioning for transit capacity and consolidation. How does MAX pay for increasing Abilene conn to 10G to handle eg PSC failover? Could we end up with fewer 10G-connected gigapops, and how will this affect Abilene NG finances?

8. Ancient Chinese curse: “May you live in interesting times” We’ll see how it works out! Thanks! magorian@maxgiapop.net