1.  Common law definition of rape: an act of enforced intercourse by a man of a woman (other than the attacker’s wife) without her consent.  Rape started as a property crime.  It was made a crime to protect one man’s property – his wife – from the sexual aggressions of other men. ©2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Sexual Assault LO5

2.  Three tiers created in 1983: Level 1: least amount of injury to victim (98%) Level 1: least amount of injury to victim (98%) Level 2: sexual assault with weapon, threats to use a weapon, or causing bodily harm Level 2: sexual assault with weapon, threats to use a weapon, or causing bodily harm Level 3: sexual assault that wounds, maims, disfigures or endangers lives of victims Level 3: sexual assault that wounds, maims, disfigures or endangers lives of victims  Date rape: when force is used to gain sex from a women who is an unwilling participant. Date rape drugs are sometimes used in these situations. ©2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Categories of Sexual Assault LO5

3.  It is estimated that about 10% of all sexual assaults are reported to the police.  How to explain sexual assault? Psychological factors: anger, drive for power, enjoyment of maltreating a victim. Psychological factors: anger, drive for power, enjoyment of maltreating a victim. Sociocultural factors: link to societal norms that approve of aggression. Include socialization and learning. Sociocultural factors: link to societal norms that approve of aggression. Include socialization and learning. Situational factors/Ecological explanations: Over half of sexual assaults reported by Canadians in the 2009 GSS took place in a commercial establishment such as a bar or restaurant. Situational factors/Ecological explanations: Over half of sexual assaults reported by Canadians in the 2009 GSS took place in a commercial establishment such as a bar or restaurant. ©2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Sexual Assault (cont’d) LO5