1. B ELLRINGER O CTOBER 7, 2010 1) Take your homework out. 2) Open your textbook to Ch. 6, Sec 1. 3) Answer the following question: What is the definition of Nava, Dua, and Deva? (Write your answer in your notes!)

2. C HAPTER 6, S ECTION 1 India’s First Civilizations

3. O BJECTIVES Today we are learning:  how climate and geography influenced the rise of India’s first civilizations  how the Aryans changed India

4. *I. T HE LAND OF I NDIA Diamond hanging from Asia. *India is a subcontinent of Asia. *Subcontinent – large landmass that is part of a continent but distinct from it. Why a SUBcontinent?

5. I. T HE LAND OF I NDIA *Himalaya – Mountain range that separates India & rest of Asia. Highest mountain range in the world, thanks to which mountain? The 5: India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh. *Ganges River and Indus River – 2 main rivers

6. G ANGES R IVER I NDUS R IVER

7. MOUNT EVEREST

8. I. T HE LAND OF I NDIA *Deccan Plateau – Dry & hilly *Monsoons – strong wind that blows one direction in the winter and the opposite in the summer. Dry – Winter – cold, dry air of the mountains Wet –Summer – warm, wet air from the Arabian Sea

9. *II. W EATHER EFFECTS *Indian Farmers – Monsoon rains = celebration. *Floods – Rain on time – good crop *Droughts – extended period w/out rain = disaster for farmers. Many people will starve b/c few crops are harvested.

10. *III. F IRST CIVILIZATIONS 3000 B.C. – 1500 B.C. – time of India’s 1 st civilization *Rivers provided –rich soil for farming Flooding provided rich soil. *Plentiful food = time for making tools, building houses, and trade. *Growth of Wealth = Cities

11. III. F IRST CIVILIZATIONS *2 major cities – Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro Well planned – had as many as 35,000 people *Fortress – built on a brick platform to keep guard over the residents

12. *IV. I NDUS C IVILIZATION

13. IV. I NDUS C IVILIZATION The Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro civilizations are called the Indus Civilization. These cities had two types of streets, a wall, and narrow lanes separating the houses. Mohenjo-Daro

14. IV. I NDUS C IVILIZATION *Houses *Flat roofs Built with mud bricks Courtyard w/ smaller rooms around it *Wells – provided water *Indoor bathrooms *Plumbing system *Garbage chutes

15. IV. I NDUS C IVILIZATION Likely the city govt. was well organized to provide so many services. Why? Page 197

16. *V. H ARAPPAN S OCIETY No written records – questions about society *Ruins – we can tell royal palace & temple were enclosed in the fortress. *Reveals religion and politics were closely connected *Farmers grew – Rice, wheat, barley, peas, cotton. 2300 B.C. – Harappans began trading w/ Mesopotamians. Weapons were rarely found – peaceful society.

17. *VI. T HE A RYANS

18. VI. T HE A RYANS *1500 B.C. – collapse of the Harappan civilization. Earthquakes/Floods damaged the cities Indus river changed its course *Indo-European – Aryans part of this group from central Asia. Spoke similar languages.

19. VI. T HE A RYANS Nomadic – some IE migrated south to India and Iran. Others went to Europe. *Cattle – prize possessions Provided meat, milk, and butter. Eventually forbidden

20. VI. T HE A RYANS *Warriors – expert horse riders and hunters. Had metal tipped spears and wooden chariots. *Plow – invented to help clear India’s jungles/build canals

21. VI. T HE A RYANS *Sanskrit – written language developed by the Aryans *Raja – prince that ran small kingdoms. Fought over cattle, treasure, and women Small rival kingdoms existed from 1500 B.C. – 400 B.C.

22. Page 199

23. *VII. S OCIETY IN A NCIENT I NDIA

24. VII. S OCIETY IN A NCIENT I NDIA Aryans developed a caste system *Caste – social group you are born into and cannot change *Your caste determines – Your job, who you can marry, who your friends are.

25. VII. S OCIETY IN A NCIENT I NDIA *Jati – word for caste – used by Portuguese merchants. Skin color – may be the reason for the caste system May have been created as a method of controlling the masses. – Helped the Aryans stay in control.

26. *VIII. S OCIAL C LASSES *Varnas – the four classes 1. *Brahmans – priest – only people to perform religious ceremonies 2. *Kshatriyas – warriors who ran the government 3. *Vaisyas – commoners – farmers/merchants 4. *Sudras – manual laborers and servants. Had few rights. Most Indians belong to this caste. *Pariahs – the Untouchables – performed work that others thought was too dirty Collected trash, skinning animals, handled dead bodies

27. *IX. R OLE OF M EN & W OMEN *Family – center of life. Grandparents, parents, and children lived together. *Oldest man – in charge *Men – more rights than women Inherit property (exception- no sons) Go to school *Become priest *Guru – teacher Only top of society could provide this for their sons

28. *IX. R OLE OF M EN & W OMEN *Marriages – only after 12 years of schooling *Marriages arranged *No divorce Could marry 2 nd wife if couple could not have children Suttee –when a man from a prominent family died, the wife was to leap into flames during her husband’s cremation process If she did not kill herself- great shame and avoidance from all Shows that men were more important than women in this society

29. R EVIEW 1. This huge mountain range separates India from the rest of Asia. 2. Winter monsoons bring in ________ air and summer monsoons bring in ________ air 3. Most Harrappans made their living by _______________. 4. The lack of _________ is why historians believe the Harrappans were peaceful? 5. ___________ brought the Sanskrit language to India. 6. India’s ______ ________ divided people into rigid social & economic classes 7. Ancient Indian society favored ______ over _______.