1. In the beginning…..

6. your new friends: MINERALS Basic Building Blocks of Rocks

7. I. Introduction A.Major Elements Found in the Earth’s Crust

9. I. Introduction A.Major Elements Found in the Earth’s Crust Oxygen (O)…………………………. 46.6%

10. I. Introduction A.Major Elements Found in the Earth’s Crust Oxygen (O)…………………………. 46.6 % Silicon (Si)…………………………… 27.7%

11. I. Introduction A.Major Elements Found in the Earth’s Crust Oxygen (O)…………………………. 46.6 % Silicon (Si)…………………………… 27.7% Aluminum (Al)……………………... 8.1%

12. I. Introduction A.Major Elements Found in the Earth’s Crust Oxygen (O)…………………………. 46.6 % Silicon (Si)…………………………… 27.7% Aluminum (Al)……………………... 8.1% Iron (Fe)……………………………... 5.0%

13. I. Introduction A.Major Elements Found in the Earth’s Crust Oxygen (O)…………………………. 46.6 % Silicon (Si)…………………………… 27.7% Aluminum (Al)……………………... 8.1% Iron (Fe)……………………………... 5.0% Calcium (Ca)………………………… 3.6%

14. I. Introduction A.Major Elements Found in the Earth’s Crust Oxygen (O)…………………………. 46.6 % Silicon (Si)…………………………… 27.7% Aluminum (Al)……………………... 8.1% Iron (Fe)……………………………... 5.0% Calcium (Ca)………………………… 3.6% Sodium (Na)………………………… 2.8%

15. I. Introduction A.Major Elements Found in the Earth’s Crust Oxygen (O)…………………………. 46.6 % Silicon (Si)…………………………… 27.7% Aluminum (Al)……………………... 8.1% Iron (Fe)……………………………... 5.0% Calcium (Ca)………………………… 3.6% Sodium (Na)………………………… 2.8% Pota. (K)……………………………... 2.6%

16. I. Introduction A.Major Elements Found in the Earth’s Crust Oxygen (O)…………………………. 46.6 % Silica (Si)…………………………… 27.7% Aluminum (Al)……………………... 8.1% Iron (Fe)……………………………... 5.0% Calcium (Ca)………………………… 3.6% Sodium (Na)………………………… 2.8% Pota. (K)……………………………... 2.6% Magnesium (Mg)…………………… 2.1%

17. I. Introduction A.Major Elements Found in the Earth’s Crust Oxygen (O)…………………………. 46.6 % Silicon (Si)…………………………… 27.7% Aluminum (Al)……………………... 8.1% Iron (Fe)……………………………... 5.0% Calcium (Ca)………………………… 3.6% Sodium (Na)………………………… 2.8% Pota. (K)……………………………... 2.6% Magnesium (Mg)…………………… 2.1% TOTAL 98.5%

18. Proportion of major elements making up the mass of the entire earth

19. I. Introduction B. Chemical Bonding

20. I. Introduction B. Chemical Bonding 1. Ionic “transfer”

21. I. Introduction B. Chemical Bonding 1. Ionic “transfer”

23. I. Introduction B. Chemical Bonding 1. Ionic “transfer” “the octet rule” Compounds want to behave like the Noble Gases

24. I. Introduction B. Chemical Bonding 1. Ionic “transfer”

25. I. Introduction B. Chemical Bonding 1. Ionic “transfer”

26. I. Introduction B. Chemical Bonding 1. Ionic “transfer”

27. I. Introduction B. Chemical Bonding 1. Ionic “transfer” 2. Covalent “sharing

28. I. Introduction B. Chemical Bonding 2. Covalent “sharing

29. I. Introduction B. Chemical Bonding 2. Covalent “sharing

30. I. Introduction B. Chemical Bonding 2. Covalent “sharing

31. I. Introduction B. Chemical Bonding 1. Ionic “transfer” 2. Covalent “sharing 3. Metallic “mega-covalent”

32. II. What Is a Mineral?

33. A. naturally occurring

34. II. What Is a Mineral? A.naturally occurring B.inorganic

35. II. What Is a Mineral? A.naturally occurring B.inorganic C.crystalline solid

36. II. What Is a Mineral? A.naturally occurring B.inorganic C.crystalline solid D.has a unique atomic structure and definite chemical composition

37. III. Properties of Minerals

38. A. Crystal Form

39. III. Properties of Minerals A. Crystal Form

40. III. Properties of Minerals B. Hardness : the mineral’s ability to scratch, or be scratched.

41. III. Properties of Minerals B. Hardness

42. III. Properties of Minerals C. Luster: Light reflected from the surface of a mineral 1. Metallic 2. Non Metallic

43. III. Properties of Minerals C. Luster

44. III. Properties of Minerals D. Streak

45. III. Properties of Minerals D. Streak

46. III. Properties of Minerals E. Cleavage: when minerals break along repeated planes of weakness

47. III. Properties of Minerals E. Cleavage

48. III. E. Cleavage

49. III. Properties of Minerals F. Fracture: when minerals break irregularly

50. III. Properties of Minerals G. Color All are calcite!!!

51. III. Properties of Minerals H. Specific Gravity

52. III. Properties of Minerals I. Taste/Touch/Smell salty greasy Pretty smelly!

53. III. Properties of Minerals J. Magnetism K. “Fizz” with HCl

54. IV. Mineral Types

55. A.Silicates B.Non Silicates

56. IV. Mineral Types A.Silicates 1.Single Tetrahedra

57. IV. Mineral Types A.Silicates 1.Single Tetrahedra Ex: Olivine

58. IV. Mineral Types A.Silicates 2. Double Tetrahedra (1 O shared) Ex:

59. IV. Mineral Types A.Silicates 3. Single Chain (2 O shared) Ex: Pyroxene

60. IV. Mineral Types A.Silicates 4. Double chain (2 and 3 O shared) Ex: Amphibole

61. IV. Mineral Types A.Silicates 5. Ring Structure ( and O shared) Ex:

62. IV. Mineral Types A.Silicates 6. Sheet Structure ( and O shared) Ex: Mica Biotite Muscovite

63. IV. Mineral Types A.Silicates 6. Sheet Structure ( and O shared) Ex: Mica

64. IV. Mineral Types A.Silicates 7. Framework Structure (4 O shared) Ex: Quartz Feldspars

65. IV. Mineral Types A.Silicates 7. Framework Structure (all 4 O shared) Ex: Quartz SiO 2

66. 7. Framework Structure (all 4 O shared) Ex: Feldspars (Al, Si, O) compounds Na Plagioclase Ca Plagioclase K-Feldspar “Orthoclase”

67. B. Non Silicates 1. Carbonates (CO 3 )

68. B. Non Silicates 1.Carbonates (CO 3 ) Calcite (CaCO 3 ) Dolomite Ca Mg (CO 3 ) 2

69. B. Non Silicates 2. Halides Halite (NaCl) Fluorite (CaF 2 )

70. B. Non Silicates 3. Oxides (O 2 ) Hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) Limonite FeO(OH)Magnetite (FeFe 2 O 4 )

71. B. Non Silicates 4. Sulfides (S) Pyrite (FeS 2 ) Galena (PbS)

72. B. Non Silicates 5. Sulfates (SO 4 ) Gypsum CaSO 4 * 2H 2 O Variety: Alabaster Variety: Selenite

73. B. Non Silicates 6. Native elements Diamond (C) Sulfer (S) Graphite (C)

74. B. Non Silicates 6. Native elements Copper (Cu) Gold (Au) Silver (Ag)