1. JOINTS OF HEAD & NECK Dr. Mujahid Khan

2. Atlanto-Occipital Joints  Are synovial joints  Formed between the occipital condyles above and the superior surfaces of the lateral masses of the atlas below  Occipital condyles are found on either side of the foramen magnum

3. Ligaments Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane: Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane:  This is a continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament  It runs as a band down the anterior surface of the vertebral column  The membrane connects the anterior arch of the atlas to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum

5. Posterior Atlanto-occipital Membrane  This membrane is similar to the ligamentum flavum  It connects the posterior arch of the atlas to the posterior margin of the foramen magnum

7. Movements  Flexion  Extension  Lateral flexion  They do not rotate

8. Atlanto-Axial Joints  They are three synovial joints  One is between the odontoid process and the anterior arch of the atlas  Other two are between the lateral masses of the bones

10. Ligaments Apical ligament: Apical ligament:  This median placed structure connects the apex of the odontoid process to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum

12. Ligaments Alar ligaments: Alar ligaments:  These lie one on each side of the apical ligament and connect the odontoid process to the medial side of the occipital condyles

14. Ligaments Cruciate ligament : Cruciate ligament :  This ligament consists of a transverse part and a vertical part  The transverse part is attached on each side to the inner aspect of the lateral mass of the atlas  It binds the odontoid process to the anterior arch of the atlas  The vertical part runs from the posterior surface of the body of the axis to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum

16. Ligaments Membrana tectoria Membrana tectoria  This is an upward continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament  Attached above to the occipital bone just within the foramen magnum  It covers the posterior surface of the odontoid process and the apical, alar, and cruciate ligaments

18. Movements  Extensive rotation of the atlas and thus of the head on the axis

19. Fracture of Odontoid Process  Fractures of odontoid process are relatively common  Result from falls and blows on the head  Excessive mobility of the odontoid fragment or rupture of the transverse ligament can result in compression injury to the spinal cord

20. Fracture of Pedicle of Axis  Cause is severe extension injury of the neck, such as automobile accident or a fall  Sudden overextension of the neck, as produced by the knot of a hangman’s rope beneath the chin  Forward displacement of the vertebral body of the axis occurs  Spinal cord is rarely compressed