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AKS 36: Pre-Columbian America
Chapter 9.2 – Pages Chapter 16.2 & 16.3 – Pages
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36a – explain the rise and fall of the Olmec, Mayan, Aztec, and Incan empires
WARM-UP:
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The Olmecs Geographical Location: Environmental Conditions:
Along Gulf Coast of Mexico Environmental Conditions: Covered with swamps & rain forests Hot and humid climate
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The Olmecs Rise of the Olmec: Civilization Rose Because:
Emerged around 1200 B.C. and thrived between B.C. Civilization Rose Because: Fertile river plains Abundant resources of salt, tar, clay, wood, and rubber
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The Olmecs Urban Design:
Combined pyramids, plazas, and giant sculptures Built thriving urban communities at sites such as San Lorenzo and La Venta
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The Olmecs Economy & Trade:
Largest trading network throughout Mesoamerica (Mexico City to the North and Honduras to the South) Traded raw materials and various stones Trade helped boost the economy and spread Olmecs influence
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The Olmecs Social Structure: Had ruling class Had nature gods
Worshipped Jaguar spirit Prosperous people
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The Olmecs Reasons for Decline: Unknown Because there are no records
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The Olmecs Legacy: “mother culture”
Known as this because of their influence on other cultures Left behind art styles, ceremonial centers, ritual ball games, an elite ruling class and stone symbols that may have led to writing First known civilization builders in Mesoamerica
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Semester Review Project
Paper Slide Video 10 Slides 1: Introduction and Group Member Names 2-9: Content Information 10: Bibliography (Where you got your info)
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Topics Mesopotamian Civilizations Islamic Empire Byzantine Empire
Egypt Mongol Empire Indus Valley Civilization African Civilizations European Middle Ages Ancient Greece Renaissance Roman Empire Reformation Alexander the Great Scientific Revolution
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Step 1: Make a Storyboard
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1st Period Mesopotamian Civilizations Egypt Indus Valley Civilization
Ancient Greece Roman Empire Alexander the Great Islamic Empire Byzantine Empire Mongol Empire African Civilizations European Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation Scientific Revolution X
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3rd Period Mesopotamian Civilizations Egypt Indus Valley Civilization
Ancient Greece Roman Empire Alexander the Great Islamic Empire Byzantine Empire Mongol Empire African Civilizations European Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation Scientific Revolution Martin A. and Courtney L. Sergio A. and Paulina M. Kelly A. and Michael M. Maria A. and Francisco M. Russell B. and Josie R. DaiJah B. and Manvir S. Jasmin B. and D’Naja S. Henry C. and Michael T. Armando C. and Jessica V. Deja C. and Juan V. Howard H. Jorge I. Christian J. Miguel L.
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4th Period Mesopotamian Civilizations Egypt Indus Valley Civilization
Ancient Greece Roman Empire Alexander the Great Islamic Empire Byzantine Empire Mongol Empire African Civilizations European Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation Scientific Revolution X
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6th Period Mesopotamian Civilizations Egypt Indus Valley Civilization
Ancient Greece Roman Empire Alexander the Great Islamic Empire Byzantine Empire Mongol Empire African Civilizations European Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation Scientific Revolution X
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7th Period Mesopotamian Civilizations Egypt Indus Valley Civilization
Ancient Greece Roman Empire Alexander the Great Islamic Empire Byzantine Empire Mongol Empire African Civilizations European Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation Scientific Revolution X
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The Mayans Geographic Location: Environmental Conditions:
Yucatan Peninsula, SE Mexico, northern Guatemala Environmental Conditions: Dry scrub forests in Yucatan Dense jungles elsewhere
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The Mayans Rise of the Mayans: Traits of Mayans:
Emerged around 250 and thrived between Traits of Mayans: Religious beliefs important Theocracy Independent city-states Intensive agriculture Civilization Rose Because: They had a united culture They were loyal to their king They had a wealthy and prosperous culture They were able to produce more food to feed a larger population
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The Mayans Reasons for Decline:
Many physical and human resources used for religious activities Frequent warfare occurred between kingdoms Population growth created a need for more land
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The Aztecs Geographic Location: Environmental Conditions:
Central Mexico in the Valley of Mexico Environmental Conditions: Several shallow lakes Fertile soil
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The Aztecs Rise of the Aztecs: Traits of Aztecs:
Emerged around 1200 and thrived between s Traits of Aztecs: Religious beliefs important Theocracy Powerful army Empire of tribute states Civilization Rose Because: They had a united culture They were loyal to their emperor They added lands through military conquest, power, and used prisoners for religious sacrifice The adding of lands provided wealth
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The Aztecs Reasons for Decline:
Many physical and human resources used for religious activities The need for prisoners changed warfare style to less deadly and less aggressive Tribute states became rebellious and needed to be controlled
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The Incas Geographic Location: Environmental Conditions:
Andes Mountain region branching out from Peru Environmental Conditions: Highlands Fertile soil in Valley of Cuzco
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The Incas Rise of the Incas: Traits of Incas:
Emerged around 1200s and thrived between Traits of Incas: Religious beliefs important Theocracy Major road systems Type of welfare state with a huge bureaucracy Civilization Rose Because: They had a united culture They were loyal to their emperor The entire empire was connected and that aided control They cared for the entire population during good and bad times
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The Incas Reasons for Decline:
Many physical and human resources used for religious activities Enemies also used their road system to move troops People struggled to care for themselves with the elimination of the welfare states Ultimately, invasions by Spanish conquistadors led to their demise
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36b – compare the culture of the Americas including government, economy, religion, social structure, technology, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas WARM-UP:
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The Mayans Government Independent city-states, each ruled by a god-king Central city with giant pyramids, temples, palaces, stone carvings, and surrounding residential areas
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The Mayans Economy Based on trade and farming
City-states linked through trade alliances Sophisticated farming methods such as planting on raised platforms above swamps and on hillside terraces Grew maize (corn), beans, & squash
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The Mayans Religion Polytheistic
Prayed and offered gods food, blood, and human sacrifices
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The Mayans Social Structure King Three Social Classes:
Seen as a holy figure, position was hereditary Three Social Classes: Nobles – priests, warriors Middle Class – merchants, artisans Peasants
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The Mayans Technology Mayan Calendar Mathematics Astronomy
Supposedly predicts the end of the world on Dec. 21, 2012 Mathematics Understood the concept of zero Astronomy Calculated solar year at days (only off) City-Building Ex. Tikal Sophisticated agricultural techniques
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The Mayans The Arts Hieroglyphics Pyramids Ball Courts
Writing system, 800+ symbols Pyramids Ball Courts For religious games Jaguar Architecture Steles (inscribed markers)
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The Aztecs Government Small city-states
Empire divided into 38 provinces with 5-15 million people Triple Alliance Military state formed in 1428
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The Aztecs Economy Ruled loosely, making conquered areas pay tributes to them If people resisted tributes or revolted, they would destroy the villages and capture or slaughter its inhabitants Trade connected by water and canals that canoes could bring directly to the city
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The Aztecs Religion Polytheistic
Public ceremonies with human sacrifices The city of Tenochtitlan was founded based on the Aztec legend of Huitzilopochtli (god of the sun and warfare) Huitzilopochtli needed nourishment of human blood for the sun to rise each day Over 1,000 gods Elaborate ceremonies performed to win the favor of different gods – including ritual dramas, songs, and dances with masked performers
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The Aztecs Social Structure Emperor Nobles Commoners Slaves
gov’t officials, generals, religious leaders Commoners Merchants, craftspeople, soldiers, farmers who owned land Slaves
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The Aztecs Technology Planned Cities Causeways Chinampas
Tenochtitlan was greater than any European city of the time – built on a lake bed to provide an easy defense system Causeways Roads built over the marshy lands & water Chinampas Floating gardens built on the marshy fringes of the lake
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The Aztecs The Arts Elaborate temples Pyramids
Stone carvings & paintings for gods Masks for religious ceremonies
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The Incas Government Ruler Bureaucratic
Had to be a descendant of the sun god, Inti, to rule Bureaucratic Conquered territories were divided into manageable community units governed by a central bureaucracy Can be compared to socialism or welfare state
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The Incas Economy State controlled most economic activity
Regulated the production & distribution of goods Macchu Picchu
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The Incas Religion Polytheistic
Religion helped to reinforce the power of the state Cuzco was both the administrative and religious capital of the empire Mamakuna – “Virgins of the Sun” Committed to a lifetime of religious service & activities Yamacuna Men who were full-time workers for the state who aided in religious activities
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The Incas Social Structure Based on community cooperation Family
Social groups were identified by officially dictated patterns of clothing Family Divided into groups of 10, 100, 1000, 10000 A chief led each group Local administration in the hands of local rulers Language Imposed a single, uniform language throughout the empire Conquered Peoples Were peacefully conquered whenever possible to gain loyalty Were allowed to continue their traditional ways of life
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The Incas Technology Road System Engineers & Stonemasons
14,000-mile long network of bridges and roads All roads led to the capital These roads tied the empire together Engineers & Stonemasons Accomplished their with using no iron tools, wheels, or mortar
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The Incas The Arts Temple of the Sun (Cuzco) Gold
Most sacred shrine in empire, covered in gold Gold Extremely abundant Covered city walls and used for decoration
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